Synthesis and Evaluation of the Fungal Activity of New Pyrazole-Carboxamides against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Gonzalez Lopez, Edwin Javier; León Jaramillo, Jhair Carlhino; Trilleras Vásquez, Jorge Enrique; Grande Tovar, Carlos D.; Peralta Ruiz, Yeimmy; Quiroga, Jairo The pyrazole core has been recognized by their biological properties and included in the synthesis of modern agrochemicals. Part of these studies consists of making structural modifications to pesticides for commercial purposes to increase efficacy. In this article, we present the synthesis of four new pyrazol-4-carboxamide 8a-8d derivatives (PCD), through a four-step synthetic protocol, starting with edaravone 1 and primary amines like benzo-fused, aliphatic, and hydrazines, through a process of low environmental impact. Synthesized derivatives were evaluated against one fungal strain of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides BA3, fungus that causes several losses to farmers around the world, through in vitro sensitivity tests. The compound 8c showed better inhibiting behavior against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides BA3, inducing a lag phase of almost 2.77 days. These results were obtained via Gompertz modeling, for the first time reported for biological evaluation of pyrazole-carboxamide derivatives against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

Menstruación decolonial; Menstruação decolonial; Decolonial menstruating Calafell Sala, Núria La menstruación ha sido parte de una colonización patriarcal de los cuerpos a lo largo dela historia del pensamiento occidental. Desde hace aproximadamente cuatro años, sin embargo, unaserie de propuestas vienen tensionando este proceso de colonización, en especial desde los territoriosde Abya Yala. Este artículo focaliza en estos ejemplos, pertenecientes a la llamada Ginecología Natural,y encara su estudio a través de la exploración semiótica de dos cuestiones: por un lado, el lenguaje queestos discursos manejan en manuales, fanzines o páginas web; y, por el otro, el conocimiento queconstruyen y/o reivindican bajo las premisas de un empoderamiento femenino, de un autogestión de lasalud y de un goce corporal.; A menstruação foi parte de uma colonização patriarcal dos corpos ao longo da história dopensamento ocidental. Nos últimos quatro anos, entretanto, uma série de propostas vem tensionandotal processo de colonização, especialmente as nascidas em territórios de Abya Yala. Este artigoenfoca tais exemplos, pertencentes à chamada Ginecologia Natural, e estuda-os através da exploraçãosemiótica de duas questões: por um lado, a linguagem que esses discursos usam em manuais, fanzinesou páginas na internet; e por outro lado, o conhecimento que constroem e/ou reivindicam sob aspremissas de um empoderamento feminino, de uma autogestão da saúde e de um gozo corporal.; Menstruation was part of a patriarchal colonization of bodies throughout the history of Westernthought. In the past four years, however, a series of proposals has been straining such a colonizationprocess, especially those born in the territories of Abya Yala. This article focuses on such examples thatbelong to the so-called Natural Gynecology, and analyses them through the semiotic exploration of twothemes: on the one hand, the language that those discourses use in handbooks, fanzines or websites; onthe other hand, the knowledge that they build and/or vindicate under the premises of female empowerment,health self-management and corporal pleasure.

Comparative study of ZnO thin films doped with transition metals (Cu and Co) for methylene blue photodegradation under visible irradiation Vallejo Lozada, William Andrés; Cantillo, Alvaro; Salazar, Briggitte; Diaz Uribe, Carlos Enrique; Ramos Cervantes, Wilkendry; Romero, Eduard; Hurtado, Mikel We synthesized and characterized both Co-doped ZnO (ZnO:Co) and Cu-doped ZnO (ZnO:Cu) thin films. The catalysts’ synthesis was carried out by the sol–gel method while the doctor blade technique was used for thin film deposition. The physicochemical characterization of the catalysts was carried out by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and diffuse reflectance measurements. The photocatalytic activity was studied under visible irradiation in aqueous solution, and kinetic parameters were determined by pseudo-first-order fitting. The Raman spectra results evinced the doping process and suggested the formation of heterojunctions for both dopants. The structural diffraction patterns indicated that the catalysts were polycrystalline and demonstrated the presence of a ZnO wurtzite crystalline phase. The SEM analysis showed that the morphological properties changed significantly, the micro-aggregates disappeared, and agglomeration was reduced after modification of ZnO. The ZnO optical bandgap (3.22 eV) reduced after the doping process, these being ZnO:Co (2.39 eV) and ZnO:Co (3.01 eV). Finally, the kinetic results of methylene blue photodegradation reached 62.6% for ZnO:Co thin films and 42.5% for ZnO:Cu thin films.

Red blood cell alterations by in vitro action of Trichinella spiralis newborn larvae Ponce de León, Patricia Carolina; Toderi Cicchini, Martín Alejandro; Castellini, Horacio Virginio; Riquelme, Bibiana Doris Background: T. spiralis establishes an intimate contact with the host erythrocytes during the newborn larvae migration through the bloodstream to their encystment in the muscle. Objective: In the present work we study the alterations in the mechanical and aggregation properties of red blood cells produced in Vitro by newborn larvae at low concentrations (100, 250, 500, and 1000 larvae/mL). Methods: The study was performed by incubating human erythrocytes with an equal volume of different concentrations of newborn larvae for 30 minutes, with controlled agitation. To evaluate the erythrocyte alterations by the action of the larvae, the Erythrocyte Rheometer, the Optical Chip Aggregometer, and the Digital Image Analysis were used. Results: In the treated erythrocyte samples, a decrease in isolated cell numbers and an increase in the aggregates were observed respect to the control at the higher larval concentration (1000 larvae/mL). The deformability index, the elastic modulus and surface viscosity showed no significant differences with the control; however, the storage modulus of the erythrocyte membrane decreased significantly with the increase in larval concentration. Erythrocyte aggregation parameters showed that the aggregation index increased with the larvae concentration present in the incubation, highlighting the presence of larger aggregates and clusters. The time to attain half of the maximum aggregation diminished, which implies faster aggregation kinetics. Conclusion: The results observed in Vitro describe the red blood cell alterations that could be produced during in vivo infection in the host.

Detailed Structure of the Subducted Nazca Slab into the Lower Mantle Derived From Continent-Scale Teleseismic P Wave Tomography Portner, Daniel Evan; Rodríguez, Emily E.; Beck, Susan; Zandt, George; Scire, Alissa; Rocha, Marcelo P.; Bianchi, Marcelo B.; Ruiz, Mario; França, George Sand; Condori, Cristobal; Alvarado, Patricia Monica Nazca subduction beneath South America is one of our best modern examples of long-lived ocean-continent subduction on the planet, serving as a foundation for our understanding of subduction processes. Within that framework, persistent heterogeneities at a range of scales in both the South America and Nazca plates is difficult to reconcile without detailed knowledge of the subducted Nazca slab structure. Here we use teleseismic travel time residuals from >1,000 broadband and short-period seismic stations across South America in a single tomographic inversion to produce the highest-resolution contiguous P wave tomography model of the subducting slab and surrounding mantle beneath South America to date. Our model reveals a continuous trench-parallel fast seismic velocity anomaly across the majority of South America that is consistent with the subducting Nazca slab. The imaged anomaly indicates a number of robust features of the subducted slab, including variable slab dip, extensive lower mantle penetration, slab stagnation in the lower mantle, and variable slab amplitude, that are incorporated into a new, comprehensive model of the geometry of the Nazca slab surface to ~1,100 km depth. Lower mantle slab penetration along the entire margin suggests that lower mantle slab anchoring is insufficient to explain along strike upper plate variability while slab stagnation in the lower mantle indicates that the 1,000 km discontinuity is dominant beneath South America.

A multidimensional and multi-feature framework for cardiac interoception Fittipaldi, María Sol; Abrevaya, Sofia; de la Fuente de la Torre, Laura Alethia; Pascariello, Guido Orlando; Hesse Rizzi, Eugenia Fátima; Birba, Agustina; Salamone, Paula Celeste; Hildebrandt, Malin; Alarco Martí, Sofía; Pautassi, Ricardo Marcos; Huepe, David; Martorell Martorell, Miquel; Yoris, Adrián; Roca, María; García, Adolfo Martín; Sedeño, Lucas; Ibañez, Agustin Mariano Interoception (the sensing of inner-body signals) is a multi-faceted construct with major relevance for basic and clinical neuroscience research. However, the neurocognitive signatures of this domain (cutting across behavioral, electrophysiological, and fMRI connectivity levels) are rarely reported in convergent or systematic fashion. Additionally, various controversies in the field might reflect the caveats of standard interoceptive accuracy (IA) indexes, mainly based on heartbeat detection (HBD) tasks. Here we profit from a novel IA index (md) to provide a convergent multidimensional and multi-feature approach to cardiac interoception. We found that outcomes from our IA-md index are associated with –and predicted by– canonical markers of interoception, including the hd-EEG-derived heart-evoked potential (HEP), fMRI functional connectivity within interoceptive hubs (insular, somatosensory, and frontal networks), and socio-emotional skills. Importantly, these associations proved more robust than those involving current IA indexes. Furthermore, this pattern of results persisted when taking into consideration confounding variables (gender, age, years of education, and executive functioning). This work has relevant theoretical and clinical implications concerning the characterization of cardiac interoception and its assessment in heterogeneous samples, such as those composed of neuropsychiatric patients.

Staying close: Short local dispersal distances on a managed forest of two Patagonian Nothofagus species Sola, Georgina Giselle; El Mujtar, Verónica Andrea; Gallo, Leonardo; Vendramin, Giovanni G; Marchelli, Paula Understanding the impact of management on the dispersal potential of forest tree species is pivotal in the context of global change, given the implications of gene flow on species evolution. We aimed to determine the effect of logging on gene flow distances in two Nothofagus species from temperate Patagonian forests having high ecological relevance and wood quality. Therefore, a total of 778 individuals (mature trees and saplings) of Nothofagus alpina and N. obliqua, from a single plot managed 20 years ago (2.85 hectares), were mapped and genotyped at polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci. Historical estimates of gene dispersal distance (based on fine-scale spatial genetic structure) and contemporary estimates of seed and pollen dispersal (based on spatially explicit mating models) were obtained. The results indicated restricted gene flow (gene distance ≤ 45 m, both pollen and seed), no selfing and significant seed and pollen immigration from trees located outside the studied plot but in the close surrounding area. The size of trees (diameter at breast height and height) was significantly associated with female and/or male fertility. The significant fine-scale spatial genetic structure was consistent with the restricted seed and pollen dispersal. Moreover, both estimates of gene dispersal (historical and contemporary) gave congruent results. This suggests that the recent history of logging within the study area has not significantly influenced on patterns of gene flow, which can be explained by the silviculture applied to the stand. The residual tree density maintained species composition, and the homogeneous spatial distribution of trees allowed the maintenance of gene dispersal. The short dispersal distance estimated for these two species has several implications both for understanding the evolution of the species and for defining management, conservation and restoration actions. Future replication of this study in other Nothofagus Patagonian forests would be helpful to validate our conclusions.

A flagship for Austral temperate forest conservation: An action plan for Darwin's frogs brings key stakeholders together Azat, Claudio; Valenzuela Sánchez, Andrés; Delgado, Soledad; Cunningham, Andrew A.; Alvarado-Rybak, Mario; Bourke, Johara; Briones, Raúl; Cabeza, Osvaldo; Castro-Carrasco, Camila; Charrier, Andres; Correa, Claudio; Crump, Martha L.; Cuevas, César C.; De La Maza, Mariano; Díaz Vidal, Sandra; Flores, Edgardo; Harding, Gemma; Lavilla, Esteban Orlando; Mendez, Marco A.; Oberwemmer, Frank; Carlos Ortiz, Juan; Pastore, Hernán; Peñafiel Ricaurte, Alexandra; Rojas Salinas, Leonora; Manuel Serrano, José; Sepúlveda, Maximiliano A.; Toledo, Gisela Verónica; Úbeda, Carmen A.; Uribe Rivera, David E.; Valdivia, Catalina; Wren, Sally; Angulo, Ariadne Darwin's frogs Rhinoderma darwinii and Rhinoderma rufum are the only known species of amphibians in which males brood their offspring in their vocal sacs. We propose these frogs as flagship species for the conservation of the Austral temperate forests of Chile and Argentina. This recommendation forms part of the vision of the Binational Conservation Strategy for Darwin's Frogs, which was launched in 2018. The strategy is a conservation initiative led by the IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, which in 2017 convened 30 governmental, non-profit and private organizations from Chile, Argentina and elsewhere. Darwin's frogs are iconic examples of the global amphibian conservation crisis: R. rufum is categorized as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) on the IUCN Red List, and R. darwinii as Endangered. Here we articulate the conservation planning process that led to the development of the conservation strategy for these species and present its main findings and recommendations. Using an evidence-based approach, the Binational Conservation Strategy for Darwin's Frogs contains a comprehensive status review of Rhinoderma spp., including critical threat analyses, and proposes 39 prioritized conservation actions. Its goal is that by 2028, key information gaps on Rhinoderma spp. will be filled, the main threats to these species will be reduced, and financial, legal and societal support will have been achieved. The strategy is a multi-disciplinary, transnational endeavour aimed at ensuring the long-term viability of these unique frogs and their particular habitat.

The identity of the Chilean Amphibians collected by the United States exploring expedition Lavilla, Esteban Orlando; Rabanal, Felipe E.; Langone, José A.; Vásquez Méndez, Dayana Cecilia; Castro Carrasco, Camila Between mid-May and early June of 1839, members of the United States Exploring Expedition collected diverse anurans in the environs of Valparaíso, Chile, later described by Girard in 1853. Of this set of species, Metaeus timidus, described there as a new genus and species, attracts attention because is a name that practically disappeared from the herpetological literature. Its identification, along with that of the other Chilean taxa collected by the USEE (Cystignathus nebulosus Girard, 1853, Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi, 1838, Pleurodema elegans Bell, 1843, Bufo lugubrosus Girard, 1853, Bufo thaul Lesson, 1826 and Metaeus timidus Girard, 1853) are the main objectives of this contribution.

Storyline description of Southern Hemisphere midlatitude circulation and precipitation response to greenhouse gas forcing Mindlin, Julia; Shepherd, Theodore G.; Vera, Carolina Susana; Osman, Marisol; Zappa, Giuseppe; Lee, Robert W.; Hodges, Kevin I. As evidence of climate change strengthens, knowledge of its regional implications becomes an urgent need for decision making. Current understanding of regional precipitation changes is substantially limited by our understanding of the atmospheric circulation response to climate change, which to a high degree remains uncertain. This uncertainty is reflected in the wide spread in atmospheric circulation changes projected in multimodel ensembles, which cannot be directly interpreted in a probabilistic sense. The uncertainty can instead be represented by studying a discrete set of physically plausible storylines of atmospheric circulation changes. By mining CMIP5 model output, here we take this broader perspective and develop storylines for Southern Hemisphere (SH) midlatitude circulation changes, conditioned on the degree of global-mean warming, based on the climate responses of two remote drivers: the enhanced warming of the tropical upper troposphere and the strengthening of the stratospheric polar vortex. For the three continental domains in the SH, we analyse the precipitation changes under each storyline. To allow comparison with previous studies, we also link both circulation and precipitation changes with those of the Southern Annular Mode. Our results show that the response to tropical warming leads to a strengthening of the midlatitude westerly winds, whilst the response to a delayed breakdown (for DJF) or strengthening (for JJA) of the stratospheric vortex leads to a poleward shift of the westerly winds and the storm tracks. However, the circulation response is not zonally symmetric and the regional precipitation storylines for South America, South Africa, South of Australia and New Zealand exhibit quite specific dependencies on the two remote drivers, which are not well represented by changes in the Southern Annular Mode.

Variation of the Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) Assemblage in Response to Land Use Changes in an Endemic Area of Leishmania Transmission in Northeast Argentina Fernández, María Soledad; Manteca Acosta, Mariana; Cueto, Gerardo Ruben; Cavia, Regino; Salomón, Oscar D. Leishmaniases are a global health problem and in Argentina are considered emerging diseases. The new transmission scenarios of tegumentary leishmaniasis are especially important given that large areas of forest are being transformed into rural and urban systems. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the construction of a large public building and a neighborhood on the assemblage of Phlebotominae in a rural area with forest remnants and to correlate the changes observed in the species assemblage with characteristics of the environment. Entomological surveys with light traps were conducted on the construction campus in the northeastern region of Argentina at six sites representing different environmental situations. Structural environmental characteristics and meteorological conditions were recorded and analyzed. At least 16 species of Phlebotominae sand flies were collected, the most prevalent being Nyssomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho), followed by the genus Brumptomyia (França & Parrot) and Migonemyia migonei (França). Our study provides evidence of how the structure of the assemblages and prevalent species respond to anthropogenic disturbances. As the construction progressed, both Ny. whitmani and the genus Brumptomyia were favored. The genus Brumptomyia was favored at sites surrounded by high proportions of forest, within patches of remnant vegetation, and relatively far from anthropogenic disturbances, while Ny. whitmani, the main vector of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the region, increases their abundant at short and intermediate distances from vegetation margins and areas close to anthropogenic disturbances, therefore increasing the risk of human exposure to vectors.

Mitologías soberanas: tierras indígenas y construcción de la propiedad privada en Mendoza a fines del siglo XIX; Sovereign mythologies: indigenous lands and the construction of private property in Mendoza, late 19 th century Escolar, Diego Hasta hace poco, el único caso conocido de una merced real esgrimida por unacomunidad indígena para defender sus derechos de tierras era el de Amaicha,en Tucumán. En este artículo abordaré los conflictos en torno a la merced realdel cacique Sayanca de las Lagunas de Guanacache, en el norte de Mendoza.Analizaré un momento clave: el escándalo político producido entre fines delsiglo XIX y principios del XX por la reivindicación de la merced sobre un cuartodel territorio de la provincia por el abogado francés, Jules Watteau. El casomuestra que en la Argentina criolla, poblaciones indígenas supuestamen-te extinguidas pudieron persistir en la ocupación de parte de sus territoriosancestrales adaptándose al proceso colonial en fechas más tardías que las tra-dicionalmente aceptadas. Además sugiere que el proceso de constitución dela propiedad privada en la provincia produjo antecedentes de reconocimientode la propiedad indígena en tiempos republicanos, lo cual vició de legitimidady legalidad su reapropiación posterior.; Until recently, the only known case in Argentina of a merced real used by an indigenous community to claim their territory was that of Amaicha in Tucumán. In this article I will discuss the conflicts over cacique Sayanca of Guanacache’s merced real, north of Mendoza province. A key moment analyzed is the political scandal produced by French lawyer Jules Watteau, and his claim over the merced real -a quarter of the territory of Mendoza between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The case study shows how indigenous populations persisted in their ancestral territories in “white” Argentina, adapting to the colonial process even later than traditionally accepted. Moreover it suggests that the process of private property left behind an unresolved legacy, regarding the recognition of former indigenous property in Republican times.

Frequency and management of maternal infection in health facilities in 52 countries (GLOSS): a 1-week inception cohort study Althabe, Fernando; Espinoza, Marisa Mabel; Pasquale, Julia; Hernández Muñoz, Rosalinda; Carvajal, Javier; Escobar, María Fernanda; Cecatti, José Guilherme; Ribeiro Do Valle, Carolina C.; Mereci, Wilson; Vélez, Paola; Pérez, Aquilino M.; Vitureira, Gerardo; Leroy, Charlotte; Roelens, Kristien; Vandenberghe, Griet; Aguemon, Christiane Tshabu; Cisse, Kadari; Ouedraogo, Henri Gautier; Kannitha, Cheang; Rathavy, Tung; Tebeu, Pierre Marie; Bustillo, Carolina; Bredy, Lara; Herrera Maldonado, Nazarea; Abdosh, Abdulfetah Abdulkadir; Teklu, Alula M.; Kassa, Dawit Worku; Kumar, Vijay; Suri, Vanita; Trikha, Sonia Background: Maternal infections are an important cause of maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity. We report the main findings of the WHO Global Maternal Sepsis Study, which aimed to assess the frequency of maternal infections in health facilities, according to maternal characteristics and outcomes, and coverage of core practices for early identification and management. Methods: We did a facility-based, prospective, 1-week inception cohort study in 713 health facilities providing obstetric, midwifery, or abortion care, or where women could be admitted because of complications of pregnancy, childbirth, post-partum, or post-abortion, in 52 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs). We obtained data from hospital records for all pregnant or recently pregnant women hospitalised with suspected or confirmed infection. We calculated ratios of infection and infection-related severe maternal outcomes (ie, death or near-miss) per 1000 livebirths and the proportion of intrahospital fatalities across country income groups, as well as the distribution of demographic, obstetric, clinical characteristics and outcomes, and coverage of a set of core practices for identification and management across infection severity groups. Findings: Between Nov 28, 2017, and Dec 4, 2017, of 2965 women assessed for eligibility, 2850 pregnant or recently pregnant women with suspected or confirmed infection were included. 70·4 (95% CI 67·7–73·1) hospitalised women per 1000 livebirths had a maternal infection, and 10·9 (9·8–12·0) women per 1000 livebirths presented with infection-related (underlying or contributing cause) severe maternal outcomes. Highest ratios were observed in LMICs and the lowest in HICs. The proportion of intrahospital fatalities was 6·8% among women with severe maternal outcomes, with the highest proportion in low-income countries. Infection-related maternal deaths represented more than half of the intrahospital deaths. Around two-thirds (63·9%, n=1821) of the women had a complete set of vital signs recorded, or received antimicrobials the day of suspicion or diagnosis of the infection (70·2%, n=1875), without marked differences across severity groups. Interpretation: The frequency of maternal infections requiring management in health facilities is high. Our results suggest that contribution of direct (obstetric) and indirect (non-obstetric) infections to overall maternal deaths is greater than previously thought. Improvement of early identification is urgently needed, as well as prompt management of women with infections in health facilities by implementing effective evidence-based practices.

The tetrapod fauna of the upper Permian Naobaogou Formation of China: 5. Caodeyao liuyufengi gen. et sp. nov., a new peculiar therocephalian Liu, Jun; Abdala, Nestor Fernando The upper Permian Naobaogou Formation has been the goal of recent contributions that notably increased the knowledge of its terrestrial vertebrate fauna and unravelled a hidden late Permian therocephalian diversity in China. Two very different species of therocephalians have been documented in the Naobaogou Formation and they were recovered as basal akidnognathids in cladistic analyses. In this contribution we describe Caodeyao liuyufengi gen. et sp. nov., represented by a partial skull and mandible, and a humerus. The new taxon features a short, high snout and a wide temporal opening with the coronoid process of the mandible separated by a wide space medially to the zygomatic arch. The latter feature is only recognized in the Russian therocephalian Purlovia maxima and it is also characteristic of non-mammaliaform cynodonts. Phylogenetic analysis indicates a close relationship of the new Chinese taxon with Purlovia maxima, producing a monophyletic Laurasian group in therocephalian phylogeny. With the representation of three different species, the Naobaogou Formation is now the most prolific unit documenting therocephalian late Permian diversity in China.

Analysis of cutaneous allergic reactions in clinical trials of eslicarbazepine acetate Rogin, Joanne; Resnick, Trevor; Strom, Laura; Ben Menachem, Elinor; Kochen, Sara Silvia; Blum, David; Gama, Helena; Soares da Silva, Patrício; Li, Yan; Grinnell, Todd Objectives: To evaluate cutaneous allergic reactions in clinical trials of adjunctive eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) for focal seizures. Materials and methods: Data were analyzed from three phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of adjunctive ESL in adults (placebo, n = 426; ESL, n = 1021) and two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies (and open-label extensions [OLEs]) of adjunctive ESL in children aged 4-17 years (placebo, n = 160; ESL, n = 202; OLE, n = 337). Results: Adult studies: Rash (ESL 1.9%, placebo 0.9%) and pruritus (ESL 1.2%, placebo 0.9%) were the most frequent rash-related treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Most rash-related TEAEs were mild or moderate in severity. Incidence of rash increased with increasing ESL dose, but was not higher for patients who initiated treatment with higher ESL doses. Pediatric studies: Allergic dermatitis (ESL 3.0%, placebo 0) and rash (controlled studies: ESL 1.0%, placebo 1.3%; OLE periods: ESL ≤1.2%) were the most frequent rash-related TEAEs. There was one case of DRESS in the ESL group. Most rash-related TEAEs were mild or moderate in severity and judged as not related to treatment with ESL. Conclusions: Serious skin rashes were rare during adult and pediatric clinical trials of ESL. Although the incidence of rash with ESL was low, it is important for patients/caregivers to be made aware of the potential signs and symptoms associated with serious skin rashes.

Everything you must know about Azospirillum and its impact on agriculture and beyond Cassan, Fabricio Dario; Coniglio, Nayla Anahí; Lopez, Gaston Alberto; Molina, Romina Micaela; Nievas, Sofia Mariela; Le Noir de Carlan, Coline; Donadío, Evelyn Florencia; Torres, Daniela Soledad; Rosas, Susana Beatriz; Olivera Pedrosa, Fabio; de Souza, Emanuel; Diaz Zorita, Martin; de-Bashan, Luz; Mora, Maria Veronica Azospirillum is one of the most studied plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB); it represents a common model for plant-bacterial interactions. While Azospirillum brasilense is the species that is most widely known, at least 22 species, including 17 firmly validated species, have been identified, isolated from agricultural soils as well as habitats as diverse as contaminated soils, fermented products, sulfide springs, and microbial fuel cells. Over the last 40 years, studies on Azospirillum-plant interactions have introduced a wide array of mechanisms to demonstrate the beneficial impacts of this bacterium on plant growth. Multiple phytohormones, plant regulators, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, a variety of small-sized molecules and enzymes, enhanced membrane activity, proliferation of the root system, enhanced water and mineral uptake, mitigation of environmental stressors, and competition against pathogens have been studied, leading to the concept of the Multiple Mechanisms Hypothesis. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that no single mechanism is involved in the promotion of plant growth; it posits that each case of inoculation entails a combination of a few or many mechanisms. Looking specifically at the vast amount of information about the stimulatory effect of phytohormones on root development and biological nitrogen fixation, the Efficient Nutrients Acquisition Hypothesis model is proposed. Due to the existence of extensive agriculture that covers an area of more than 60 million hectares of crops, such as soybeans, corn, and wheat, for which the bacterium has proven to have some agronomic efficiency, the commercial use of Azospirillum is widespread in South America, with over 100 products already in the market in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Studies on Azospirillum inoculation in several crops have shown positive and variable results, due in part to crop management practices and environmental conditions. The combined inoculation of legumes with rhizobia and Azospirillum (co-inoculation) has become an emerging agriculture practice in the last several years, mainly for soybeans, showing high reproducibility and efficiency under field conditions. This review also addresses the use of Azospirillum for purposes other than agriculture, such as the recovery of eroded soils or the bioremediation of contaminated soils. Furthermore, the synthetic mutualistic interaction of Azospirillum with green microalgae has been developed as a new and promising biotechnological application, extending its use beyond agriculture.

Precision Health for Chagas Disease: Integrating Parasite and Host Factors to Predict Outcome of Infection and Response to Therapy Martinez, Santiago Jose; Romano, Patricia Silvia; Engman, David M. Chagas disease, caused by the infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is clinically manifested in approximately one-third of infected people by inflammatory heart disease (cardiomyopathy) and, to a minor degree, gastrointestinal tract disorders (megaesophagus or megacolon). Chagas disease is a zoonosis transmitted among animals and people through the contact with triatomine bugs, which are found in much of the western hemisphere, including most countries of North, Central and South America, between parallels 45° north (Minneapolis, USA) and south (Chubut Province, Argentina). Despite much research on drug discovery for T. cruzi, there remain only two related agents in widespread use. Likewise, treatment is not always indicated due to the serious side effects of these drugs. On the other hand, the epidemiology and pathogenesis of Chagas disease are both highly complex, and much is known about both. However, it is still impossible to predict what will happen in an individual person infected with T. cruzi, because of the highly variability of parasite virulence and human susceptibility to infection, with no definitive molecular predictors of outcome from either side of the host-parasite equation. In this Minireview we briefly discuss the current state of T. cruzi infection and prognosis and look forward to the day when it will be possible to employ precision health to predict disease outcome and determine whether and when treatment of infection may be necessary.

Virus isolation and full-length genome sequencing of a representative canine distemper virus wild type strain of the South America 2 clade Romanutti, Carina; Keller, Leticia; La Torre, José; Panzera, Yanina; Fuques, Eddie; Pérez, Ruben; Gallo Calderon, Marina Beatriz Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen of dogs that causes severe respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous signs. Although vaccines have been used to prevent infections, CDV has been reported worldwide, even in vaccinated animals. In the present study, a representative wild type CDV strain (Arg24) was isolated from a sick vaccinated dog and its genome was completely sequenced using Illumina technology. This strain produced a strong cytopathic effect in Vero SLAM (Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule) cells with a higher titer of 1.1 × 105 Median Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50/mL) at 32 h post infection, in cell-associated virus. The Arg24 strain genome, showed values of 97.1, 90.3, 96.7, 90.6, 89.8 and 97.3 % of amino acid identity with respect to the Onderstepoort vaccine strain (Nucleoprotein, Phosphoprotein, Matrix, Fusion, Hemagglutinin and Large polymerase, respectively). Focusing on the Hemagglutinin gene, which is the target for genetic characterization, Arg24 showed four additional potential glycosylation sites, with respect to the Onderstepoort. The availability of Arg24 strain, which can be easily grown in Vero SLAM cells, is an important tool to perform immunological and antigenic comparative studies, between wild type and vaccine CDV strains.

Influences of landscape characteristics and historical barriers on the population genetic structure in the endangered sand-dune subterranean rodent Ctenomys australis Austrich, Ailin; Mora, Matias Sebastian; Mapelli, Fernando Javier; Fameli, Alberto Francisco; Kittlein, Marcelo Javier Understanding the processes and patterns of local adaptation and migration involves an exhaustive knowledge of how landscape features and population distances shape the genetic variation at the geographical level. Ctenomys australis is an endangered subterranean rodent characterized by having a restricted geographic range immerse in a highly fragmented sand dune landscape in the Southeast of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. We use 13 microsatellite loci in a total of 194 individuals from 13 sampling sites to assess the dispersal patterns and population structure in the complete geographic range of this endemic species. Our analyses show that populations are highly structured with low rates of gene flow among them. Genetic differentiation among sampling sites was consistent with an isolation by distance pattern, however, an important fraction of the population differentiation was explained by natural barriers such as rivers and streams. Although the individuals were sampled at locations distanced from each other, we also use some landscape genetics approaches to evaluate the effects of landscape configuration on the genetic connectivity among populations. These analyses showed that the sand dune habitat availability (the most suitable habitat for the occupation of the species), was one of the main factors that explained the differentiation patterns of the different sampling sites located on both sides of the Quequén Salado River. Finally, habitat availability was directly associated with the width of the sand dune landscape in the Southeast of Buenos Aires province, finding the greatest genetic differentiation among the populations of the Northeast, where this landscape is narrower.

Electroactive Silk Fibroin Films for Electrochemically Enhanced Delivery of Drugs Mousavi, Seyed T.; Harper, Garry R.; Municoy, Sofia; Ashton, Mark D.; Townsend, David; Alsharif, Ghazi H. K.; Oikonomou, Vasileios K.; Firlak, Melike; Au Yong, Sophie; Murdock, Bethany E.; Akien, Geoffrey R.; Halcovitch, Nathan R.; Baldock, Sara J.; Fazilati, Mohamad; Kolosov, Oleg V.; Robinson, Benjamin J.; Desimone, Martín Federico; Hardy, John G. Biomaterials capable of controlling the delivery of drugs have the potential to treat a variety of conditions. Herein, the preparation of electrically conductive silk fibroin film-based drug delivery devices is described. Casting aqueous solutions of Bombyx mori silk fibroin, followed by drying and annealing to impart β-sheets to the silk fibroin, assure that the materials are stable for further processing in water; and the silk fibroin films are rendered conductive by generating an interpenetrating network of a copolymer of pyrrole and 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid in the silk fibroin matrix (characterized by a variety of techniques including circular dichroism, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman spectroscopy, resistance measurements, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Fibroblasts adhere on the surface of the biomaterials (viability assessed using an (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and visualized using a confocal microscope), and a fluorescently labeled drug (Texas-Red Gentamicin) can be loaded electrochemically and released (µg cm−2 quantities) in response to the application of an electrical stimulus.