Calidad de vida por departamentos y regiones en la Argentina de finales del siglo XIX; Quality of Life by Department and Region in Argentina at the End of the 19th Century Velázquez, Guillermo Ángel; Celemin, Juan Pablo El presentEl presente artículo muestra la calidad de vida en el Segundo Censo Nacional de población de la Argentina (1895). Se constituyó un índice de calidad de vida a partir de variables las vinculadas con educación, salud y condiciones de vivienda. El objetivo central es proponer un índice de calidad de vida que permita, al mismo tiempo, utilizar las fuentes del período y posibilitar futuras comparaciones diacrónicas y con otros contextos recurriendo a los Sistemas de Información Geográfica para su representación cartográfica. Los resultados muestran que el índice de calidad de vida tiene alto grado de heterogeneidad territorial, aunque los tradicionales centros urbanos muestran los valores más altos mientras que el norte y el oeste del país contiene los valores más bajos.; This paper discusses the quality of life in the Second National Population Census of Argentina (1895). An index of quality of life u was established u from variables related to education, health and housing conditions. The main objective is to propose an index of quality of life that also allows to use the sources of the period and to enable future diachronic comparisons while using the Geographic Information Systems for their cartographic representation. The results show that the quality of life index has a high degree of territorial heterogeneity, although the traditional urban centers show the highest values, while the north and west of the country contain the lowest values.

Calidad de vida y escala urbana según regiones en la República Argentina (2010); Quality of life and urban scale according to regions in the Argentine Republic (2010); Qualité de vie et échelle urbaine selon les régions de la République argentine (2010) Velázquez, Guillermo Ángel; Celemin, Juan Pablo La vaguedad conceptual del concepto de la calidad de vida permite diferentes aproximaciones teóricas para su estudio. No obstante carece de suficientes trabajos que se concentren en estudiar la variabilidad de la calidad de vida en el territorio. En este contexto es donde la ciencia geográfica con sus herramientas puede hacer un aporte concreto. Consiguientemente en este trabajo se aplica un índice que contempla variables socioeconómicas y ambientales a escala urbana para realizar un análisis comparativo según las regiones de la República Argentina. Como conclusión se reconoce que las ciudades de tamaño intermedio registran los valores más satisfactorios para dicho índice, en particular las que poseen entre 400.000 y un millón de habitantes.; The conceptual vagueness of the concept of quality of life allows different theoretical approaches for its study. However, it lacks sufficient work that concentrates on studying the variability of the quality of life in the territory. In this context is where the geographical science with its tools can make a concrete contribution. Consequently, in this work an index is applied that contemplates socioeconomic and environmental variables at an urban scale to perform a comparative analysis according to the regions of the Republic of Argentina. In conclusion, it is recognized that medium-sized cities register the most satisfactory values for the said index, particularly those with between 400,000 and one million inhabitants.; L'imprécision conceptuelle du concept de qualité de vie permet différentes approches théoriques pour son étude. Cependant, il manque un travail suffisant qui se concentre sur l'étude de la variabilité de la qualité de vie sur le territoire. Dans ce contexte est où la science géographique avec ses outils peuvent apporter une contribution concrète. Par conséquent, dans ce travail, un indice est appliqué qui envisage des variables socio-économiques et environnementales à l'échelle urbaine pour effectuer une analyse comparative selon les régions de la République argentine. En conclusion, il est reconnu que les villes moyennes enregistrent les valeurs les plus satisfaisantes pour ledit indice, en particulier celles qui comptent entre 400 000 et un million d'habitants.

¿Una CGT para el Frente Popular democrático y antifascista?: El Partido Comunista de la Argentina y el movimiento sindical durante la segunda guerra mundial; A CGT for the democratic and anti-fascist Popular Front?: The Communist Party of Argentina and the union movement during World War II Camarero, Hernán En este artículo nos proponemos un examen de la relación del Partido Comunista argentino con la Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) entre 1937 y 1943, es decir, los años previos y de primer desarrollo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Es un período clave para entender los intentos comunistas de aplicación de la estrategia del "Frente Popular" en los perímetros de la organización gremial, lo cual permite pensar acerca de sus verdaderas condiciones de realización y de los contextos en los que se desplegó semejante empresa política. Este estudio no sólo pretende aportar un mayor conocimiento de la actuación del comunismo en el área gremial sino también a iluminar la relación que esta fuerza tuvo con las otras corrientes del movimiento obrero con las que intentaba coalicionarse o confrontar, como el sindicalismo y el socialismo. Hubo una bibliografía que refirió a esta presencia comunista en el movimiento sindical, aunque en escasa medida sobre estos recortes temporales y temáticos específicos. Aún es necesario profundizar el trabajo de reconstrucción de este proceso, en especial, de las caracterizaciones y posiciones del PC en función de su objetivo de alcanzar la dirección del movimiento obrero.; In this article we propose an examination of the relation of the argentine Communist Party with the General Confederation of Labor (CGT) between 1937 and 1943, that is, the previous and firts years of the Second World War. It is a key period to understand the communist attempts to apply the strategy of the “Popular Front” in the perimeters of the trade union organization, which allows us to think about its real conditions of realization and the contexts in which such a political enterprise was deployed. This study not only aims to provide a greater understanding of the performance of communism in the trade union area but also to illuminate the relationship that this force had with the other workers movement with which it tried to coalition or confront, such as syndicalism and socialism. There is a bibliography that referred to this communist presence in the trade union movement, but whitout these specific temporary and thematic cuts. It is still necessary to deepen the work of reconstructing this process, in particular, of the characterizations and positions of the CP in terms of its objective of achieving the leadership of the workers movement.

Layered platforms of Ti4O7 as flow-through anodes for intensifying the electro-oxidation of bentazon Silva Barni, María Florencia; Doumic, Lucila Inés; Procaccini, Raul Ariel; Ayude, María Alejandra; Romeo, Hernan Esteban In this study, we prepared Ti4O7 porous electrodes with continuous layered structures characterized by different layer-to-layer distance (from 2 to 10 μm) but the same total void fraction (88–90%), to modulate the electrodes' permeability and the volumetric electrochemical surface area (from 90 to 840 cm2 cm−3). These platforms were evaluated as anodes in the electro-oxidation (EO) of bentazon in a three-electrode cell under galvanostatic conditions, operated both in traditional batch (TB) or batch recycle flow-through (BRFT) modes. The performance was significantly enhanced when the liquid was recirculated through the lamellar structure of the electrodes. In BRFT mode, the electrode interlayer gap was found to be a key factor to control the bentazon and total organic carbon (TOC) conversions. For the best conditions evaluated (BRFT, 10 μm-interlayered Ti4O7 electrodes with a volumetric surface area of 90 cm2 cm−3), the effect of the applied current (1 or 3 mA) and liquid flow rate (10, 12 or 14 mL. min−1) was investigated. Specific energy consumption (SEC) values were estimated to reveal the performance of each of the EO treatments from an energetic point of view. The use of 10 μm-interlayered Ti4O7 electrodes at 1 mA in BRFT mode at a flow rate of 14 mL min−1 showed the best results, yielding 85% bentazon removal, 57% mineralization and SEC values of 0.006 kWh.gTOC −1 after 6 h of treatment. This contribution highlights the use of layered Ti4O7 electrodes as a promising strategy for intensifying EO processes, pointing to a trade-off between the accessibility to the internal electrode structure and the volumetric electrode surface area to enhance the contact between the target molecules and the hydroxyl radicals physisorbed on the electrode surface, while minimizing simultaneously the energy requirements.

Copper Recovery from Printed Circuit Boards Using Acidic Ferric Chloride Leaching and Electrodeposition Masari, F.; Ceré, Lucila Inés; Valcarce, María Beatriz In this work, 0.5 mol L−1 HCl and 0.13 mol L−1 FeCl3 have been used as leaching solution of industrially wasted copper at room temperature. Copper recovery from the leaching solution has been studied by batch electrodeposition at room temperature and either by using different constant current densities or by pulsing the current. The deposits obtained at 20 mA cm−2 show low efficiencies and are mainly composed of Cu0 with CuCl being a minor component. When the deposits are obtained at 50 mA cm−2, the efficiency is higher, but the adherence is poor and the porosity is high. By using pulsed electrodeposition, it is possible to improve the adherence of the deposits. However, the deposits are contaminated with copper and iron oxides, as well as with chloride compounds. Tin was not detected in any of the deposits obtained using all the electrodeposition conditions tested in this work.

Gut microbiota of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) larvae as revealed by metatranscriptomic analysis Rozadilla, Gastón; Cabrera, Natalia Alina; Virla, Eduardo Gabriel; Greco, Nancy Mabel; Mccarthy, Cristina Beryl The invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is considered one of the most harmful pests in corn, rice and cotton crops and has developed resistance to the most widespread methods used to control it, chemical insecticides and transgenic crops based on Bt toxins. On the other hand, gut microbiota plays an important role in the insect's fitness, and metatranscriptomic analyses of the insect host are an invaluable tool for identifying new pest control targets. Notwithstanding, there are extremely few reports on the functionally active profile of the gut microbiota in insects, especially in lepidopterans. Moreover, most studies have only described the bacterial community even though all the components of the microbiota, Bacteria, Archaea, fungi, protozoa and viruses, influence different physiological aspects of the insect host. This is the first time an unbiased and comprehensive metatranscriptomic approach has been used to describe the taxonomic and functional profile of the gut microbiota of S. frugiperda larvae, both bacterial and non-bacterial. We identified novel and very active components which were putatively playing an important nutritional role, such as ammonia-oxidizing Archaea and Bacteria, and a xylan- and hemicellulose-degrading Actinobacteria. This analysis also allowed us to identify potential biocontrol agents.

Eocene arc petrogenesis in central chile (C. 33.6° s) and implications for the late cretaceous–miocene andean setting: Tracking the evolving tectonic regime Muñoz Gómez, Marcia; Fuentes, Constanza; Fuentes, Francisco; Tapia Silva, Felipe Fernando; Benoit, Mathieu; Farías, Marcelo; Fanning, C. Mark; Fock, Andrés; Charrier, Reynaldo; Sellés, Daniel; Bustamante, Daniela The scarce Eocene geological record in the Andean region of Central Chile (c. 33.6° S) is represented by the Estratos del Cordón de los Ratones unit. This is a c. 450 m thick, mainly volcanic, continental series with a bimodal character that hosts numerous subvolcanic intrusions. The igneous products show compositional features indicating a co-genetic character for the whole suite, relatively juvenile mantle signatures and arc-like affinities. This, along with age determinations of c. 42 Ma, indicate that the unit corresponds to the middle Eocene arc in the region. The geochemical data obtained complement the evolving arc magmatic record throughout Andean evolution. This allows us to track: (1) the earliest Late Cretaceous orogenic event; (2) neutral tectonic conditions from the latest Cretaceous to mid-Eocene times; (3) the Oligocene–early Miocene extensional episode; and (4) the onset of the prevailing compression. The record also indicates that the extensional event started no earlier than the mid-Eocene, with the deposition of the Estratos del Cordón de los Ratones, and no later than the earliest Oligocene. In addition, orogenic processes developed from early Miocene times are highlighted relative to those developed during the early Late Cretaceous, at least in the arc region.

Caracterización y estado de conservación de la vegetación del extremo sur de las Sierras de Comechingones (Córdoba, Argentina) Natale, Evangelina Sandra; Martinez, Gonzalo; Arana, Marcelo Daniel; Oggero, Antonia Josefina Reconocer la relación existente entre la composición, estructura y funcionalidad de un ecosistema lleva a deducir que los servicios derivados de ellos son vulnerables al cambio de uso de la tierra. Es por esto que el desarrollo sustentable de las poblaciones no puede lograrse solamente con el manejo de los capitales económicos y sociales, sino que debe de integrarse con un manejo adecuado del capital natural. En las sierras del sur de Córdoba (Argentina) el acelerado proceso de antropización ha modificado el paisaje natural de la cuenca alta del río Cuarto, disminuyendo los servicios ecosistémicos, por lo que en este trabajo se propuso caracterizar su vegetación y evaluar su estado de conservación. Se realizaron censos de vegetación en los diferentes ambientes y se digitalizaron las unidades ambientales; luego se calculó el Índice Integral de Evaluación Ambiental para definir el valor de conservación. Se definieron 7 unidades de vegetación pertenecientes a la provincia biogeográfica del Chaco y 3 a la de Comechingones. Se digitalizaron 196 unidades de ambientales, de las cuales el 8% se encontró en muy buen estado de conservación abarcando grandes superficies. El 39% se encontró en mal estado y se concentró por debajo de los 850 msnm. Estos resultados permitieron generar nuevos conocimientos paracompletar el escenario paisajístico de una de las cuencas más importantes dela provincia de Córdoba, además de brindar información cartográfica de mayorresolución para ser utilizada por las agencias de conservación en la implementación de la Ley 9814 sobre el ordenamiento territorial de los bosques nativos.

Mineral dust resuspension under vibration: Onset conditions and the role of humidity Balladore, F. J.; Benito, Jesica Gisele; Uñac, Rodolfo Omar; Vidales, Ana Maria The vibration of dusty surfaces inevitably causes re-entrainment of particles into the atmosphere. Given that movement of mineral dust particles deposited on a surface begins at a critical frequency (fc) and amplitude, an experimental laboratory study was conducted to determine the onset conditions for resuspension of a vibrated granular soil. We determined the resuspension state diagram as a function of frequency and amplitude of a sinusoidal vibration, the granulometry of the dust and the thickness of the soil bed. The mitigation effect of humidity was also evaluated. Critical frequencies ranged between 2.5 and 23 Hz when amplitudes were less than 12 mm. These results were independent of bed thickness and perturbation type. For all particle sizes observed, fc decreased monotonically with A, contrasting with behavior observed for individual particles. In dry samples, fc for large size classes was markedly less when A was greater than 6 mm; while the fc for fine fractions only decreased once amplitudes reached 10 mm. Experiments with wet granular soils demonstrated that wetting above an optimum humidity did not necessarily impede movement and caused agglomeration. This study provides guidelines for managing resuspension of granular soils subjected to vibrations.

Visibilidades e invisibilidades del riesgo: El rol de la prensa gráfica en la inundación de abril de 2013 en el Gran La Plata; Visibilities and invisibilities of risk: The approaches of the graphic media in the flood of april 2013 in gran la Plata; Visibilidades e invisibilidades del riesgo: El rol de la prensa gráfica en la inundación de abril de 2013 en el Gran La Plata Aversa, Maria; Rotger, Daniela Vanesa; Jáuregui, Estefanía El carácter extraordinario de la inundación del 2 de abril de 2013 en La Plata ha motivado una mayor circulación de información en torno a las inundaciones centrada en esta ciudad, habida cuenta de la magnitud del fenómeno. Sin embargo, se han invisibilizado los efectos del episodio en los municipios costeros linderos —Berisso y Ensenada—, que ciertamente sufrieron las consecuencias por el desborde de los cursos de agua que atraviesan sus núcleos urbanos en dirección a su desembocadura en el Río de La Plata. El objetivo principal del artículo es establecer una confrontación de artículos periodísticos que abordaron el evento durante la semana posterior en los tres partidos de la microrregión. El encuadre metodológico se basa en el análisis cualitativo con incorporación de datos cuantitativos, a través del procesamiento en tablas para cuantificar el registro y ponderarlo, para obtener como resultado principal los diversos abordajes de los medios sobre la inundación.; The extraordinary nature and magnitude of the flood of April 2, 2013 in La Plata, has led to a greater circulation of information about the floods centered in this city. However, the effects of the episode have been made invisible on the coastal municipalities bordering —Berisso and Ensenada—, which have certainly suffered the consequences of the overflow of the water courses that cross their urban core in the direction of their river mouth in the Rio de La Plata. The main objective of the article is to establish a confrontation of newspaper articles that addressed the event in the three parties of the micro-region during the week after it.The methodological framework is based on the qualitative analysis with the incorporation of quantitative data, through the processing information in tables to quantify and weigh the record, to obtain as a main result, the various approaches made by graphic media about this event.; El carácter extraordinario de la inundación del 2 de abril de 2013 en La Plata ha motivado una mayor circulación de información en torno a las inundaciones centrada en esta ciudad, habida cuenta de la magnitud del fenómeno. Sin embargo, se han invisibilizado los efectos del episodio en los municipios costeros linderos —Berisso y Ensenada—, que ciertamente sufrieron las consecuencias por el desborde de los cursos de agua que atraviesan sus núcleos urbanos en dirección a su desembocadura en el Río de La Plata. El objetivo principal del artículo es establecer una confrontación de artículos periodísticos que abordaron el evento durante la semana posterior en los tres partidos de la microrregión. El encuadre metodológico se basa en el análisis cualitativo con incorporación de datos cuantitativos, a través del procesamiento en tablas para cuantificar el registro y ponderarlo, para obtener como resultado principal los diversos abordajes de los medios sobre la inundación.

Goliath catfish Brachyplatystoma Bleeker, 1862 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from the Miocene of Argentina Agnolin, Federico; Bogan, Sergio Brachyplatystoma is a genus of freshwater catfishes endemic of South America that includes one the largest siluriform species of the neotropics. The fossil record of the genus is restricted to the Miocene of Colombia and Venezuela and the extant species are distributed along Orinoco and Amazonas basins. The present works aims to describe a new species of Brachyplatystoma from late Miocene deposits at Entre Ríos Province, Argentina. The present report constitutes the first finding of Brachyplatystoma in the Paleoparaná Basin, which is in agreement with previous hypothesis indicating hydrographic connections of this river basin with the Amazon basin until at least the early late Miocene times.

De las detenciones contravencionales a las prácticas de hostigamiento policial: Reflexiones sobre los cambios y permanencias en los estereotipos de conflictividad policial desde la mirada de jóvenes organizados en la ciudad de Córdoba; About contravention arrests to practices of police harassment: Reflections on changes and continuities in the stereotypes of police conflictivity from the perspective of young people organized of the city of Córdoba Plaza Schaefer, Valeria Se considera que, en la sociedad moderna, el ejercicio de la violencia policial es una consecuencia inevitable de la función de reproducción de un orden social determinado y que, además, para poder cumplir con esa función, necesita realizar un proceso de selección de personas que se presenten como conflictivas. Esto es lo que frecuentemente en la literatura penal y criminológica se refiere como «estereotipo de criminalidad», pero sobre el que existe poca producción acerca de su definición. Por ello, en primer lugar, se analiza el proceso de diferenciación social que opera y las características asociadas al mismo, para indagar luego cuáles son las marcas relevantes en la aplicación del «estereotipo de conflictividad policial» en un caso concreto, según la perspectiva de los mismos destinatarios. Se analiza la mirada de jóvenes de sectores populares organizados sobre la aplicación del estereotipo, nucleados en el Colectivo de Jóvenes por Nuestros Derechos analizando dos momentos distintos (2003–2013 / 2015–2017), a los fines de indagar sobre los cambios y continuidades en esos procesos de estereotipación en la ciudad de Córdoba; It is considered that in modern society, the exercise of police violence is an inevitable consequence of the function of reproduction of a particular social order and also, in order to fulfill that function, you need to carry out a process of selection of people who come forward as conflicting. Tis is what fequently in criminal and criminological literature is referred to as a stereotype of criminality, but about which there is little production about its definition. Terefore, first, the process of social differentiation that operates and the characteristics associated with it is analyzed, to then investigate which are the relevant brands in the application of the police conflict stereotype in a specific case, according to the view of the same addressees. The application of stereotype is analyzed from the look of young people from popular sectors organized, grouped in the Collective of Youth for Our Rights, analyzing two different moments (2003–2013 / 2015–2017), in order to investigate changes and continuities in those processes of stereotyping in the city of Córdoba.

Comparative bone microstructure of three archosauromorphs from the Carnian, late triassic chañares formation of Argentina García Marsa, Jordi Alexis; Agnolin, Federico; Novas, Fernando Emilio The Chañares Formation exhibits one of the most important archosauriform records of early Carnian ecosystems. Here we present new data on the palaeohistology of Chañares archosauriforms and provide new insights into their paleobiology, as well as possible phylogenetically informative traits. Bone microstructure of Lagerpeton chanarensis and Tropidosuchus romeri is dominated by fibro-lamellar tissue and dense vascularization. On the other hand, Chanaresuchus bonapartei is more densely vascularized, but with cyclical growth characterized by alternate fibro-lamellar, parallel-fibered and lamellar-zonal tissues. Dense vascularization and fibro-lamellar tissue imply fast growth and high metabolic rates for all these taxa. These histological traits may be tentatively interpreted as a possible adaptative advantage in front of Chañares Formation environmental conditions.

Adenine DNA methylation, 3D genome organization, and gene expression in the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis Lizarraga, Ayelen; O'Brown, Zach Klapholz; Boulias, Konstantinos; Roach, Lara; Greer, Eric Lieberman; Johnson, Patricia J.; Strobl Mazzulla, Pablo H.; de Miguel, Natalia Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted parasite that colonizes the human urogenital tract causing infections that range from asymptomatic to highly inflammatory. Recent works have highlighted the importance of histone modifications in the regulation of transcription and parasite pathogenesis. However, the nature of DNA methylation in the parasite remains unexplored. Using a combination of immunological techniques and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), we analyzed the abundance of DNA methylation in strains with differential pathogenicity demonstrating that N6-methyladenine (6mA), and not 5‐methylcytosine (5mC), is the main DNA methylation mark in T. vaginalis. Genome-wide distribution of 6mA reveals that this mark is enriched at intergenic regions, with a preference for certain superfamilies of DNA transposable elements. We show that 6mA in T. vaginalis is associated with silencing when present on genes. Interestingly, bioinformatics analysis revealed the presence of transcriptionally active or repressive intervals flanked by 6mA-enriched regions, and results from chromatin conformation capture (3C) experiments suggest these 6mA flanked regions are in close spatial proximity. These associations were disrupted when parasites were treated with the demethylation activator ascorbic acid. This finding revealed a role for 6mA in modulating three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure and gene expression in this divergent member of the Excavata.

Editorial: Addressing roles for glycans in immunology using chemical biology Macauley, Matthew S.; Rademacher, Christoph; Mariño, Karina Valeria Glycoconjugates, macromolecules containing carbohydrates (glycans) conjugated to proteins or lipids, are a diverse class of biopolymers capable of regulating cell-cell interactions. They are present in a high, natural heterogeneity, which originates from the complex mechanisms involved in their biosynthesis. Genetic and environmental factors determine the ensemble of glycans on any particular cell type, in a non-template encoded manner. As a consequence, the cell surface glycan profile provides a tightly-regulated temporal and spatial signature containing crucial biological information. This information is translated into biological functions by glycan binding proteins (GBPs), also called lectins. Importantly, our immune system is modulated by three major GBP families: C-type lectins, galectins, and Siglecs. The abilities of these GBPs to modulate immune cell function is intimately connected to their ability to differentiate ?self? or ?non-self? glycans from our own cells or pathogens, respectively. Hence, GBP?glycan interactions are critical mediators in immune cell homeostasis. Genetic manipulation of glycan processing enzymes has shed light on the roles of glycans in pathologies such as autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, genetic tools such as genomic manipulation and transgenic animal models have shown to be insufficient to fully untangle the roles of GBP-glycan interactions. Accordingly, recent advances in our understanding of GBPs and how they control immune cell function via glycan recognition has been driven by the development of chemical tools.In this Research Topic, we explore recent work illuminating the various roles of glycans and/or GBPs in controlling immune cell function with special emphasis placed on chemical biology approaches that have been instrumental in such efforts. Potential subjects covered may include:? Immunological roles of Glycan-binding proteins? Glycans as immunomodulators? Development of ligands to probe glycan-binding proteins? Chemical biology approaches to modulate glycan-binding proteins and their glycan ligands? Glycans and synthetic derivatives as novel adjuvants? Glycan-based targeted delivery? Intracellular glycosylation in immune cells? Tissue homing of immune cells mediated by glycans? Glycolipid presentation to immune cells? Glycan-based vaccines? Analytical methods for functional characterization of lectin-glycan interactions

Alexander Von Humboldt y Amado Bonpland: su legado en la revaloración de la historia natural; Alexander von Humboldt and Amado Bonpland: their legacy in the revaluation of natural history Cajade, Rodrigo; Hernando, Alejandra Beatriz La Historia Natural (HN) es una disciplina relevante de las Ciencias Naturales que se encarga de describir a los seres vivos y su ambiente a partir de la observación precisa. Como madre de las ciencias occidentales, sus orígenes se remontan a los escritos de Aristóteles, para atravesar desde entonces la historia de la humanidad brindando conocimientos esenciales para su desarrollo. Luego de su auge entre los siglos XVII y XIX con los viajes exploratorios de los naturalistas europeos a los nuevos continentes, la HN ha perdido valoración en el aporte a la construcción del conocimiento científico. Desde entonces el debate sobre el rol de la HN en las ciencias ha oscilado como un péndulo entre su estimación y desestimación. En esta contribución, presentamos los principales temas de este debate aportando nuestro punto de vista a partir de nuestra experiencia en la revaloración de la historia de la HN, resignificada con la influencia de la obra de Alexander von Humboldt y Amado Bonpland. La especialización de las ciencias, los avances tecnológicos, la pérdida del sentido naturalista y la vinculación con el romanticismo han sido, entre otras, las principales causas que han desacreditado a la HN. Sin embargo, concluimos que la historia nos muestra que la HN ha sido y es fundamental para el crecimiento y desarrollo de la humanidad.; Natural History (NH) is a relevant discipline of the Natural Sciences that describes organisms in their environment from accurate observation. As the mother of Western sciences, its origin dates back to Aristotle’s writings. Since then it crossed human history providing essential knowledge for humanity development. After flourishing between the 17th and 19th centuries due to the exploratory travels of European naturalists to the new continents, NH has lost appreciation in its contribution to scientific knowledge. The debate about its role in sciences has swung like a pendulum between estimation and dismissal. In this contribution, we present the main themes of this debate. We expose our point of view from our experience that revalues the history of NH under the influence of Alexander von Humboldt and Amado Bonpland´ works. The specialization of sciences, technological advances, the loss of the naturalistic sense, and the connection with romanticism have been among, the main causes that have discredited NH. However, we conclude that history shows us that NH has been and is fundamental for the growth and development of humanity.

Recent advances in β-galactosidase and fructosyltransferase immobilization technology Ureta, María Micaela; Martins, Gonçalo Nuno; Figueira, Onofre; Pires, Pedro Filipe; Castilho, Paula Cristina; Gomez Zavaglia, Andrea The highly demanding conditions of industrial processes may lower the stability and affect the activity of enzymes used as biocatalysts. Enzyme immobilization emerged as an approach to promote stabilization and easy removal of enzymes for their reusability. The aim of this review is to go through the principal immobilization strategies addressed to achieve optimal industrial processes with special care on those reported for two types of enzymes: β-galactosidases and fructosyltransferases. The main methods used to immobilize these two enzymes are adsorption, entrapment, covalent coupling and cross-linking or aggregation (no support is used), all of them having pros and cons. Regarding the support, it should be cost-effective, assure the reusability and an easy recovery of the enzyme, increasing its stability and durability. The discussion provided showed that the type of enzyme, its origin, its purity, together with the type of immobilization method and the support will affect the performance during the enzymatic synthesis. Enzymes’ immobilization involves interdisciplinary knowledge including enzymology, nanotechnology, molecular dynamics, cellular physiology and process design. The increasing availability of facilities has opened a variety of possibilities to define strategies to optimize the activity and re-usability of β-galactosidases and fructosyltransferases, but there is still great place for innovative developments.

Effect of the availability of economic resources on cognitive functions and social preferences; Efecto de la disponibilidad de recursos económicos sobre funciones cognitivas y preferencias sociales; O efeito da disponibilidadede recursos económicos sobre as funções cognitivas e preferências sociais Correa, Pablo Sebastián; Mola, Débora Jeanette; Reyna, Cecilia El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar de manera experimental el efecto de la disponibilidad de recursos económicos sobre funciones cognitivas y preferencias sociales en estudiantes universitarios. Se condujo un estudio con diseño experimental inter-sujetos en el que participaron 60 estudiantes universitarios. Se comparó el desempeño de participantes expuestos a condiciones de altos y bajos recursos económicos en tareas de desempeño cognitivo (inteligencia fluida y control inhibitorio) y de preferencias sociales (Juego del Ultimátum, con ofertas de distinto grado de justicia). En general, los resultados indicaron que no hubo diferencias significativas entre los participantes de las condiciones de bajos y altos recursos económicos en las funciones cognitivas y preferencias sociales. En cambio, hubo diferencias según sexo en el dominio cognitivo. Se discuten los resultados a la luz de investigaciones previas y se reconocen las principales limitaciones.; O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar de maneira experimental o efeito da disponibilidade de recursos econômicos sobre as funções cognitivas e preferências sociais de estudantes universitários. Foi realizado um estudo com desenho experimental intra-sujeitos, no qual participaram 60 estudantes universitários. Comparou-se o desempenho dos participantes expostos a condições de altos e baixos recursos econômicos em tarefas de desempenho cognitivo (inteligência fluida e controle inibitório) e de preferências sociais (Jogo do Ultimato, com ofertas de diferentes graus de justiça). Em geral, os resultados não indicaram diferenças significativas entre os participantes de condições de baixa e alta renda nas funções cognitivas e preferências sociais. Por outro lado, houve diferenças segundo o sexo no domínio cognitivo. Se discutem os resultados à luz de investigações anteriores e se reconhecem as principais limitações.; The objective of this research was to analyze experimentally the effect of the availability of economic resources on cognitive functions and social preferences in university students. A study with inter-subject experimental design was conducted. 60 university students participated. The performance of participants exposed to conditions of high and low economic resourceswas comparedin tasks of cognitive performance (fluid intelligence and inhibitory control) and social preferences (Ultimatum Game, with offers of different degrees of justice). In general, the results showed that there were no significant differences between the participants of the conditions of low and high economic resources in cognitive functions and social preferences. In contrast, there were differences according to sex in the cognitive domain. The results are discussed in light of previous research and the main limitations are recognized.

Latest advances in optical frequency combs based on quadratic non-linearity Barturen, Mariana; Benjamin, Maglio; Costanzo Caso, Pablo Alejandro Second-order non-linear susceptibility (χ2) is the cause of many non-linear processes in optics including second harmonic generation, sum frequency generation and difference frequency generation. Optical frequency combs based on χ2, i.e. quadratic frequency combs, hold the promise of reducing the devices power consumption and footprint since χ2 materials present a stronger non-linearity than χ3 materials, which suggests that higher efficiencies can be achieved. In this work, we will revisit the latest quadratic combs experimental advances, concerning power threshold, span and wavelength conversion efficiency.

XMM-Newton and NICER Measurement of the Rms Spectrum of the Millihertz Quasiperiodic Oscillations in the Neutron-star Low-mass X-Ray Binary 4U 1636–53 Lyu, Ming; Zhang, Guobao; Méndez, Mariano; Altamirano, D.; Mancuso, Giulio Cesare; Xiang, Fu-Yuan; Xiao, Huaping We used two XMM-Newton and six Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer observations to investigate the fractional rms amplitude of the millihertz quasiperiodic oscillations (mHz QPOs) in the neutron-star low-mass X-ray binary 4U 1636?53. We studied, for the first time, the fractional rms amplitude of the mHz QPOs versus energy in 4U 1636?53 down to 0.2 keV. We find that, as the energy increases from ∼0.2 to ∼3 keV, the rms amplitude of the mHz QPOs increases, different from the decreasing trend that has been previously observed above 3 keV. This finding has not yet been predicted by any current theoretical model; however, it provides an important observational feature to speculate whether a newly discovered mHz oscillation originates from the marginally stable nuclear burning process on the neutron-star surface.