Macroparasites of the invasive fish, Cyprinus carpio, in Patagonia, Argentina. Waicheim, María Agustina; Blasetti, Guillermo; Cordero, Pedro; Rauque Perez, Carlos Alejandro; Viozzi, Gustavo Pedro The common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is probably the most widely distributed freshwater fish species and cultured on almost all continents. In South America, researches on parasites from C. carpio are limited. The aim of the present study was to report macroparasites from wild populations inhabiting Neuquen River, which is its southernmost distribution in South America. From spring 2011 to winter 2012, four seasonal samples of fishes were collected from Neuquen River at Ingeniero Ballester dam using gill nets. Fish were dissected and all organs were checked under microscope. All macroparasites were determined and counted allowing calculation of prevalence and mean intensity. In total 33 fish were examined and the following six parasites were recorded: the monogeneans Dactylogyrus extensus in gills and Pseudacolpenteron sp. in the canals of the scales in the lateral line system, the cestode Bothriocephalus sp. in intestine, the nematode Contracaecum sp. in abdominal cavity, and the acanthocephalans Pomphorhynchus patagonicus in intestine and abdominal cavity and Polymorphus sp. in abdominal cavity. The monogenean D. extensus was the species more represented with the highest prevalence and mean intensity. The present study report 6 new records of parasite species in C. carpio from Argentina.

Análisis espacial de los determinantes socioeconómicos de la salud en el Gran Resistencia; Spatial analysis of socio-economic determinants of health in the Gran Resistencia Ponce, Blanca Elizabeth; Fantin, María Alejandra; Bertone, Carola Leticia Las condiciones en que viven las personas influyen de manera decisiva en su salud, por lo que es necesario actuar en todos los sectores para promover el bienestar. Podemos distinguir una serie de determinantes que influyen en las condiciones de salud, entre los cuales, se encuentran: los sociales, económicos, políticos, culturales y medioambientales. Dentro de este marco, la presente investigación tiene por objetivo realizar una clasificación y caracterización de las diferencias socio-espaciales del Gran Resistencia. Para ello, aplicamos el análisis de conglomerados a un conjunto de variables vinculadas con los determinantes socioeconómicos de la salud. Además, esta clasificación se realizó considerando las áreas de influencia de los Centros de Salud, con el fin de caracterizar la demanda existente en ellos. Nuestra principal fuente de información fue el Censo Nacional de Población, Hogar y Vivienda del año 2001.; The conditions in which people live influence decisively in their health, so it is necessary to act in all sectors to promote the wellness. We can distinguish a series of determinants that influence health conditions, between which are: the social, economic, political, cultural and environmental. Within this framework, this research aims to realize a classification and characterization of the differences socio-spatial of the Gran Resistencia. For this, we apply cluster analysis to a set of variables linked with the socioeconomic determinants of the health. Besides, this classification was realized considering the areas of influence of the Centers of Health, in order to characterize the existing demand in them. Our main source of information was the “Censo Nacional de Población, Hogar y Vivienda” of the year 2001.

La inserción del turismo social a la agenda pública en la Argentina Schenkel, Erica Natalia El turismo social se inserta a la agenda gubernamental en Argentina a mediados del siglo XX. A pesar de que existan importantes antecedentes previos, con el peronismo este tipo de iniciativas se extienden al conjunto del territorio nacional, alcanzando a sectores sociales antes excluidos. Del mismo modo que algunos gobiernos europeos, en la presidencia de Juan Domingo Perón se reconoce en el tiempo libre y el ocio un área clave para la intervención del Estado y el desarrollo de políticas públicas. En este periodo la política estatal de turismo social adquiere una magnitud y visibilidad que no se repite en ningún otro periodo de la historia argentina. A partir de una investigación de los principales documentos de la política peronista, se analiza el origen del turismo social como problema público en el país, identificando los principales actores de la gestión turística, los objetivos perseguidos, los impactos territoriales, el juego de intereses y conflictos que encierra y los condicionantes de su implementación.; The social tourism into the public agenda begins in Argentina in the mid-twentieth century. Although there are important backgrounds, from Peronist government such initiatives cover the entire national territory, reaching previously excluded social sectors. As some European governments, Perón recognizes in the leisure and tourism a key area to state intervention and public policy development. In this period the state policy of social tourism has a magnitude and visibility is not repeated in any other time in argentina history. On the basis of a thorough investigation of peronist policy documents, the publication discusses the origin of social tourism as a public issue in Argentina, identifying the tourism management actors, the objectives, the game of interests and conflicts involved and the determinants of policy implementation.

Gestión de riesgos para la adopción de la computación en nube en entidades financieras de la República Argentina; Cloud computing risk management in Argentine financial institutions López, María de los Ángeles; Albanese, Diana Ester; Sánchez, Marisa Analía Las infraestructuras tecnológicas dinámicas, entre ellas lacomputación en nube, representan una nueva alternativa detecnología de información disponible para administrar las actividadesde las organizaciones, en particular en aquellas quehacen un uso intensivo de la información, como las entidadesfinancieras. Al analizar la utilización de estas arquitecturas esfundamental considerar los nuevos riesgos a los que se exponenlos entes; esto permite desarrollar estrategias de gestióndestinadas a identificarlos, evaluarlos y buscar el modo deminimizar sus efectos. En este sentido son útiles herramientascomo la risk breakdown structure (RBS), una estructura de jerarquizaciónde fuentes de riesgos que simplifica y sistematizael análisis. En este trabajo se pretende diseñar una RBS parala identificación y descripción jerárquica de las fuentes de riesgosvinculados a la implementación de la computación en nubeen entidades financieras, basándose en la normativa del BancoCentral de la República Argentina.; Las infraestructuras tecnológicas dinámicas, entre ellas lacomputación en nube, representan una nueva alternativa detecnología de información disponible para administrar las actividadesde las organizaciones, en particular en aquellas quehacen un uso intensivo de la información, como las entidadesfinancieras. Al analizar la utilización de estas arquitecturas esfundamental considerar los nuevos riesgos a los que se exponenlos entes; esto permite desarrollar estrategias de gestióndestinadas a identificarlos, evaluarlos y buscar el modo deminimizar sus efectos. En este sentido son útiles herramientascomo la risk breakdown structure (RBS), una estructura de jerarquizaciónde fuentes de riesgos que simplifica y sistematizael análisis. En este trabajo se pretende diseñar una RBS parala identificación y descripción jerárquica de las fuentes de riesgosvinculados a la implementación de la computación en nubeen entidades financieras, basándose en la normativa del BancoCentral de la República Argentina.

Boundary Tension at the Interface of Nanoscopic Helium Films on an Heterogeneous Substrate Hernandez, Ester Susana This paper reports the first calculation of the two-dimensional interfacial profile and energetics of nanoscopically thin films of helium, on an heterogeneous planar substrate consisting of two adjoining metals. The calculations are performed in the frame of density functional theory at zero temperature, with the purpose of identifying the formation process of the interface at the boundary between the two substrates when few atomic layers are involved, to elucidate the possible relationship of the magnitude of the boundary tension with the displacement of layers between the half films, and to extract keys to organize future calculations of film coexistence at finite temperatures.

Are There Different Populations of Flux Ropes in the Solar Wind? Janvier, M.; Démoulin, P.; Dasso, Sergio Ricardo Flux ropes are twisted magnetic structures that can be detected by in-situ measurements in the solar wind. However, different properties of detected flux ropes suggest different types of flux-rope populations. As such, are there different populations of flux ropes? The answer is positive and is the result of the analysis of four lists of flux ropes, including magnetic clouds (MCs), observed at 1 AU. The in-situ data for the four lists were fitted with the same cylindrical force-free field model, which provides an estimate of the local flux-rope parameters such as its radius and orientation. Since the flux-rope distributions have a broad dynamic range, we went beyond a simple histogram analysis by developing a partition technique that uniformly distributes the statistical fluctuations across the radius range. By doing so, we found that small flux ropes with radius R<0.1 AU have a steep power-law distribution in contrast to the larger flux ropes (identified as MCs), which have a Gaussian-like distribution. Next, from four CME catalogs, we estimated the expected flux-rope frequency per year at 1 AU. We found that the predicted numbers are similar to the frequencies of MCs observed in-situ. However, we also found that small flux ropes are at least ten times too abundant to correspond to CMEs, even to narrow ones. Investigating the different possible scenarios for the origin of these small flux ropes, we conclude that these twisted structures can be formed by blowout jets in the low corona or in coronal streamers.

The tomato phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C2 (SlPLC2) is required for defense gene induction by the fungal elicitor xylanase Gonorazky, Ana Gabriela; Ramírez, Leonor; Abd El Haliem, Ahmed; Vossen, Jack H.; Lamattina, Lorenzo; Ten Have, Arjen; Joosten, Matthieu H. A. J.; Laxalt, Ana Maria The tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (Sl)] phosphatidylinositol-phospholipase C (PI-PLC) gene family is composed of six members, named SlPLC1 to SlPLC6, differentially regulated upon pathogen attack. We have previously shown that the fungal elicitor xylanase rapidly induces nitric oxide (NO), which is required for PI-PLCs activity and downstream defense responses in tomato cell suspensions. Here, we show that all six SlPLC genes are expressed in tomato cell suspensions. Treatment of the cells with xylanase induces an early increase in SlPLC5 transcript levels, followed by a raise of the amount of SlPLC2 transcripts. The production of NO is required to augment SlPLC5 transcript levels in xylanase-treated tomato cells. Xylanase also induces SlPLC2 and SlPLC5 transcript levels in planta. We knocked-down the expression of SlPLC2 and SlPLC5 by virus-induced gene silencing. We found that SlPLC2 is required for xylanase-induced expression of the defense-related genes PR1 and HSR203J.

SCDVP: A Simplicial CNN Digital Visual Processor Di Federico, Martin; Julian, Pedro Marcelo; Mandolesi, Pablo Sergio In this work we present a programmable and reconfigurable single instruction multiple data (SIMD) visual processor based on the S-CNN architecture, namely, the Simplicial CNN Digital Visual Processor (SCDVP), oriented to high-performance low-level image processing. The cells in the array have a selectable neighborhood configuration and several registers, which provide the chip with extended spatial and temporal processing capabilities, in particular optical flow. A prototype 64 × 64 cell chip with two program memories and a column adder was fabricated in a 90 nm technology, which running at 133 MHz delivers 105.5 GOPS. The calculation at the cell level is performed with time coded signals and the program memory is located outside the array. This produces a very efficient realization in terms of area: 53.8 GOPS per mm2, which outperforms all results reported so far. We show that even after normalization, to account for technology scaling, the proposed architecture is the most efficient among all reported digital processors. Computation performance to power ratio also exceeds all previous results with 817.8 GOPS/W. Experimental results of the working chip are reported.

Arsenic immunotoxicity and immunomodulation by Phytochemicals: potential relations to develop chemopreventive approaches Ramos Elizagaray, Sabrina I.; Soria, Elio Andres Arsenic (As) contaminates drinking water worldwide, and As exposure, hypersensitivity and deficiency are involved in the immunopathogenesis of various health problems. Its chemoprevention thus has a high health impact. Given its oxidative potential, antioxidant compounds are good candidates to counteract arsenic's deleterious effects on humans. Phytochemicals (e.g., phenolics, carotenoids, etc.) act through free radical chelation activity and regulation of cellular targets. Consequently, they are appropriate for developing anti-As strategies derived from plants, and Argentinean flora is rich in useful species. Several molecular pathways involved in immune regulation are at the same time targets of exogenous agents, and oxidative stress itself is a modulating phenomenon of immunity. Since xenohormesis has been described as the organic enhancement of resistance to stress conditions (e.g., oxidation, pollution, etc.) by consuming xenobiotics, immunoxenohormesis implies also defense improvement. This review focuses on recent patents on the development of vegetable redox-related immunomodulating agents, which might be applied in As-induced dysfunctions, with their scientific basis being reviewed.

Single-file diffusion on self-similar substrates Suárez, Gonzalo Pablo; Martin, Hector Omar; Iguain, Jose Luis We study the single file diffusion problem on a one-dimensional lattice with a self-similar distribution of hopping rates. We find that the time dependence of the mean-square displacement of both a tagged particle and the center of mass of the system present anomalous power laws modulated by logarithmic periodic oscillations. The anomalous exponent of a tagged article is one half of the exponent of the center of mass, and always smaller than 1/4. Using heuristic arguments, the exponents and the period of oscillations are analytically obtained and confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations.

Evolución tecto-sedimentaria del Grupo Payogastilla y su relación con el arco volcánico del Cenozoico, en los valles Calchaquí, Tonco y Amblayo, provincia de Salta, Argentina; Tectosedimentary evolution of the Payogastilla Group and and its relation to Cenozoic volcanic arc, in the Calchaquí, Tonco and Amblayo valleys, Salta province, Argentina Galli, Claudia; Coira, Beatriz Lidia Luisa; Alonso, Ricardo Narciso; Matteini, Massimo; Hauser, Natalia Las características estratigráficas y sedimentológicas de los depósitos del Grupo Payogastilla son aspectos muy importantes a tener en cuenta para investigar la evolución tecto-sedimentaria de la cuenca de antepaís andino en el noroeste de la Argentina. El límite estratigráfico inferior del Grupo Payogastilla está marcado por una paraconcordancia con los depósitos de post-rift de la Formación Lumbrera (Subgrupo Santa Bárbara, Grupo Salta). El límite estratigrá- fico superior de la Formación Los Colorados, es paraconcordante y discordante; la subsidencia de la cuenca fue pareja entre ~35 a 21 Ma. En el Mioceno medio a superior, los depósitos de la Formación Angastaco, con espesores de 4550 m (río Calchaquí) y 1500 m (Tonco) reflejan una importante influencia tectónica, la que delimitó el depocentro de la cuenca de Angastaco, con un inicio en el valle El Tonco (>13,7 Ma) y posteriormente en el valle Calchaquí (~13 Ma). Con posterioridad a los ~13 Ma se habrían desarrollado incipientes barreras orográficas en el este (sierras Los Colorados y León Muerto), que durante el Mioceno superior (10 a 5 Ma) se habrían reactivado para formar cadenas orográficas importantes. Durante el Plioceno se habrían reactivado nuevamente los alzamientos tectónicos, generando sistemas fluviales entrelazados gravosos, con una marcada proveniencia desde el este. Los niveles de tobas intercalados en los depósitos de las formaciones Angastaco y Palo Pintado, muestran una clara signatura de arco indicando su proveniencia del arco activo a esos tiempos, con características que indican una componente cortical participante en sus magmas. Mientras que, los niveles piroclásticos intercalados en la Formación San Felipe, por su mayor carácter peraluminoso y sus menores contenidos en Na20 respecto a K20, que las ubican en el campo de los granitos tipo S, dando idea de componentes corticales distintas.; The stratigraphic and sedimentological characteristics of Payogastilla Group deposits are very important to study tecto-sedimentary evolution of the Andean foreland basin in northwestern Argentina. The lower stratigraphic boundary of Payogastilla Group with the Lumbrera Formation (Santa Barbara Subgroup, Salta Group) deposits is a paraconformity. The upper stratigraphic boundary, the Colorados Formations is a paraconformity and a unconformity, the subsidence of the basin was uniform and the duration of the initial deposit was about ~35 to 21 Ma. During the middle to upper Miocene, represented by Angastaco Formation deposits, with a thickness of 4550 m (in Calchaquí river) and 1500 m (in Tonco) it took place a major tectonic influence, which delimited the basin depocenter in Angastaco basin. This event started in Tonco valley (>13.7 Ma) and later continued in Calchaquí valley (~13 Ma). Also in the ~13 Ma it have developed two orographic barriers (Los Colorados and León Muerto ranges), in the eastern, that during the Late Miocene (10-5 Ma) would have been reactivated to an important orographic chains form. During the Pliocene the tectonic uplifts would have reactivated, being registered as alluvial fans with a strong provenance from the east. Levels tuff deposits intercalated in Angastaco and Palo Pintado formations, show a clear signature of the arc indicating their origin of the arc active to those times with features that indicate a crustal component in their magmas participant. While pyroclastic levels intercalated in San Felipe Formation, with higher peraluminous character and lower Na20 K20 content regarding, which lie in the area of the type S granites, giving different cortical components idea.

Impact of bottom trawling on deep-sea sediment properties along the flanks of a submarine canyon Martín de Nascimento, Jacobo; Puig, Pere; Masqué, Pere; Palanques, Albert; Sánchez Gómez, Anabel The offshore displacement of commercial bottom trawling has raised concerns about the impact of this destructive fishing practice on the deep seafloor, which is in general characterized by lower resilience than shallow water regions. This study focuses on the flanks of La Fonera (or Palamós) submarine canyon in the Northwestern Mediterranean, where an intensive bottom trawl fishery has been active during several decades in the 400–800 m depth range. To explore the degree of alteration of surface sediments (0–50 cm depth) caused by this industrial activity, fishing grounds and control (untrawled) sites were sampled along the canyon flanks with an interface multicorer. Sediment cores were analyzed to obtain vertical profiles of sediment grain-size, dry bulk density, organic carbon content and concentration of the radionuclide 210Pb. At control sites, surface sediments presented sedimentological characteristics typical of slope depositional systems, including a topmost unit of unconsolidated and bioturbated material overlying sediments progressively compacted with depth, with consistently high 210Pb inventories and exponential decaying profiles of 210Pb concentrations. Sediment accumulation rates at these untrawled sites ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 cm y−1. Sediment properties at most trawled sites departed from control sites and the sampled cores were characterized by denser sediments with lower 210Pb surface concentrations and inventories that indicate widespread erosion of recent sediments caused by trawling gears. Other alterations of the physical sediment properties, including thorough mixing or grain-size sorting, as well as organic carbon impoverishment, were also visible at trawled sites. This work contributes to the growing realization of the capacity of bottom trawling to alter the physical properties of surface sediments and affect the seafloor integrity over large spatial scales of the deep-sea.

Comparison of two detection systems to reveal AFLP markers in plants Cara, Nicolás; Marfil, Carlos Federico; Garcia Lampasona, Sandra Claudia; Masuelli, Ricardo Williams Since their development, AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) markers have been used for a wide variety of analyses and, up to this day, are considered highly informative, robust and reproducible molecular markers. Originally, the visualization of the amplified fragments was done in polyacrylamide gels, followed by silver staining or by developing in an X-Ray plate, when radioactivity is used. In the last years, capillary electrophoresis of fluorescently labeled fragments is gradually replacing gel-based systems. However, the latter continue to be better for isolating and cloning AFLP fragments. In this report we contrast the results obtained by capillary electrophoresis against silver staining. We found that if fluorescence-labeled amplification products are loaded in a polyacrylamide gel, duplicated bands (doublets) are seen. This phenomenon is probably due to a delay in the migration of the strand which carries the fluorophore. Therefore, we recommend a minimum separation of 4 bp from the nearest fragment to the target fragment for its unambiguous identification and isolation. If this requirement is not fulfilled, an alternative is to make new amplifications using the same primer combination, but with unlabeled primers.

Potencialidad de Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) para estudios dendrocronológicos en la selva central del Perú; Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) potential for dendrochronological studies in the Selva Central of Perú Pereyra Espinoza, Manuel J.; Inga Guillen, Gaby J.; Morales, Mariano Santos; Rodríguez Arisméndiz, Rodolfo En este trabajo determinamos el potencial de Cedrela odorata para estudios dendrocronológicos en la Selva Central del Perú. Para ello, analizamos las características anatómicas que definen los anillos de crecimiento, desarrollamos una cronología de ancho de anillos y relacionamos el crecimiento de los árboles con los registros de precipitación. La cronología de ancho de anillos está compuesta por 47 series de 27 árboles y cubre el período 1795-2009. Los anillos están claramente delimitados por porosidad semicircular, asociados a bandas de parénquima marginal y paratraqueal. El crecimiento de los árboles estuvo relacionado con las precipitaciones de la estación lluviosa previa y con las de finales de la estación seca del corriente período de crecimiento. Así mismo, observamos una estrecha relación entre el crecimiento y las precipitaciones totales, considerando el ciclo hidrológico de diciembre a setiembre, para el periodo 1990-2009. Estos resultados indican la influencia de las precipitaciones en el crecimiento radial de C. odorata. La buena discriminación de los anillos anuales, la fuerte relación con la precipitación, el amplio rango de distribución y la longevidad de los árboles, hacen de C. odorata una especie promisoria para estudios dendroclimatológicos y dendroecológicos en los bosques tropicales y subtropicales de América.; Despite the progress made during the past 20 years, searching dendrochronological potential in tropical and subtropical tree species, tropical dendrochronology, is still in a development stage. The aim of this research was to determine the potential of C. odorata for dendrochronological studies in the Selva Central of Perú. The tree-ring anatomical characteristics were carefully examined and we were able to develop a 215 year (1 795-2 009) tree-ring chronology and correlate it with precipitation records. The tree-ring chronology was developed based on 47 series of 27 trees. Tree rings are clearly delimited by large pore diameters in earlywood and small ones in latewood associated with marginal and paratracheal parenchyma. The tree-ring chronology was related to precipitation records from Satipo and significant correlations were found with the previous rainy season and late dry season of the current growth period. Moreover, we found close relationship between tree growth and total precipitations of the hydrological period (December to September) for the interval 1 990-2 009. These results demonstrate the influence of rainfall at different stages of C. odorata radial growth. The good discrimination of annual rings, strong relationship with precipitation, the wide range and longevity of trees (200 years) make C. odorata a very promising species for dendrochronological studies in tropical and subtropical forest of America.

1H NMR Spectroscopy and MR Imaging with Hyperpolarised Substances Graafen, Dirk; Ebert, Sandro; Neudert, Oliver; Buljubasich Gentiletti, Lisandro; Franzoni, Maria Belen; Dechent, Jan Falk; Münnemann, Kerstin Despite their wide applicability in natural sciences, NMR and MRI still suffer from their inherently low sensitivity. This can be overcome by hyperpolarisation techniques, such as parahydrogen-induced polarisation and dynamic nuclear polarisation. Here, we focus on the generation of 1H-hyperpolarised substances with both methods. We especially address the severe lifetime issue of the accomplished 1H hyperpolarisation by demonstrating the production of hyperpolarised liquids in a continuous flow fashion and the storage of hyperpolarisation in slowly relaxing singlet states. Another problem of hyperpolarised proton NMR and MRI is the generation of contrast between a small amount of hyperpolarised molecules and a vast thermal background signal. In this contribution, we show the possibility to use the special signal pattern that is inherent to the hyperpolarisation method to generate excellent MRI contrast which may open up unprecedented opportunities to use the standard MRI nucleus 1H, for example, biomedical applications in future.

Arbolado público en el barrio Pacífico, ciudad de Bahía Blanca: aportes para la gestión; Urban arboriculture in pacifico neighborhood in Bahia Blanca city: Contribution to management Benedetti, Graciela; Campo, Alicia María; Horvarth, Ana El arbolado público en las ciudades de rango medio es un tema de interés creciente. Los árboles constituyen un servicio ambiental que ofrece positivos beneficios para los habitantes. En este trabajo se analiza el arbolado urbano de un barrio de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, el barrio Pacífico. Para ello, a través de un censo, se conocieron la cantidad de especies y su patrón de distribución. Se censaron 5.895 ejemplares y 43 especies están representadas. Se trabajó con el índice de diversidad de Menhinick, el índice de dominancia de Simpson y el de Berger -Parker. De la interpretación de estos índices se desprende que el fresno representa el 32,6 % del total del arbolado y la acacia el 19,08 %. Hay cierta diversificación pero es recomendable que otras especies se incorporen en las veredas para aumentar dicha diversidad. En cuanto a la relación de árbol por habitante, hay un déficit de 8.400 árboles para cumplimentar parámetros internacionales. El estado sanitario de los ejemplares en general es bueno, son árboles jóvenes y adecuados para las condiciones climáticas de Bahía Blanca, donde se necesitan ejemplares caducos para que en el invierno las casas y veredas reciban la luz del sol y sean frondosos en el verano para mitigar las altas temperaturas. En síntesis, los censos de arbolado y el plano verde contribuyen a una mejor gestión y manejo del arbolado público en cada una de las ciudades intermedias.; Trees planted in public areas of middle cities is a topic of growing interest. Trees are an environmental service that provide positive benefits for people. In this paper the urban trees of the Pacífico neighborhood, in the city of Bahia Blanca, are analyzed. To do this, through a census, the number of species and their distribution pattern was done. The result was: 5,895 trees and 43 species were counted. We worked with Menhinick diversity index, the dominance index of Simpson and with the Berger Parker index. Interpretation of these indices shows that the ash represents 32.6% of the total urban trees and acacia's 19.08%. There is some diversification but it is recommended that other species can be incorporated into the neighborhood in order to increase this diversity. As for the relationship tree per capita, there is a deficit of 8400 trees to fill international standards. The health status of the specimens in general was good, they are young trees and suitable for the climatic conditions of Bahia Blanca, where deciduous species are needed for the winter so houses and sidewalks receive all the sunlight and in the summer the shadows are quite wide to mitigate high temperatures. In short, censuses of trees and green maps contribute to a better management of public urban trees in middle town cities.

'Todos somos víctimas': acerca del 'vecino' como víctima de la inseguridad Hernández, Silvia El artículo analiza el proceso por el cual el nombre vecino aparece, en lo que se designa como el discurso securitario, como sinónimo de víctima de la inseguridad, y reconstruye la trama discursiva en que esta relación tiene lugar,tomando el caso de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (Argentina) en la última década.Esta condensación entre vecinos y víctimas refuerza, por un lado, la legitimidad de los reclamos vecinales sostenidos como apolíticos ante los poderes públicos y la sociedad en general, y profundiza, por el otro, un diagnóstico que hace de la inseguridad un estado de amenaza permanente cuya gestión requeriría de la auto organización comunitaria. Se trabaja a partir del análisis de secuencias discursivas producidas por asociaciones autodenominadas que tienen a la inseguridad como tema central de trabajo.; This article analyzes the process by which the category of vecinos (neighbors) becomes a synonym of víctimas de la inseguridad (victims of insecurity) in what we call “security discourse”, for Buenos Aires city during the last decade. The condensation of both categories reinforces the legitimacy of social demands coming from vecinos –which are presented as “apolitical”–, and that it also deepens a diagnosis that makes inseguridad a state of permanent threat which requires community self-organization for its management. The analysis is based on discursive sequences produced by self-defined “vecinales” associations that have insecurity as one of their major issues.

On-site and post-site analysis of pictographs within thesan pedro viejo de Pichasca Rock Shelter, Limarí Valley, north-central Chile Moya, Francisco; Armstrong, Felipe; Basile, Mara Valeria; Nash, George; Troncoso, Andrés; Vergara, Francisco The San Pedro Viejo de Pichasca rock-shelter, located some 70 km east of the provincial town of Ovalle in the Limarí Basin is considered one of Chile's most important prehistoric sites with human occupation evidence dating to at least 9000 BCE. The rock shelter in the foothills of the Southern Andes Mountains is in a semi-arid environment. Since the 1960s there has been much archaeological interest with major excavations occurring between 1960 and 1970 (e.g. Ampuero and Rivera 1971). As part of a detailed survey of the rock shelter walls, many prehistoric painted pictographs), have been discovered and recorded, probably dating to the late Holocene. In July 2013 an Anglo-Chilean/Argentinean team further explored the walls and ceilings of the rock-shelter in order to experiment with different photogrammetric recording techniques, including microscopy and post-site digital analysis. This paper gives a synopsis of the long archaeological history of the site, along with observations and analysis of a number of selected painted panels that are located within the central section of the rock shelter. The various methodologies employed assisted in further understanding the underlying reasons that would have led people to paint in this rock-shelter.

Narrativa de los infortunios; Narrative of misfortunes Mancuso, Hugo Rafael El exilio -aventura, emigración y consecuente, frecuente naufragio es una de las posibilidades del infortunio causado precisamente por las debilidades humanas y por designios inescrutables. A partir de la lectura de Edward Said de Tarzán de los monos - tanto de la novela de Edgar Rice Burroughs como del ciclo de películas de J. Weissmuller (1938-1940) podemos retonmar y postular una productiva hipótesis: Tarzán es el eterno, perpetuo exillado, no es Un colono como los personajes de Defoe o de Verne sino que nació en el naufragio de un exilio cuyo objetivo era la colonización, Tarzan mito de la narratividad de masas, como tantos ninos inmigrantes, nació desarraigado porque sus padres lo llevaron alli. Por su parte Un diario del ano de la peste, de Daniel Defoe, propone una narrativa de los infortunios en clave moralista no sin un dejo cntico. El mensaje de la fabula narrativa de Defoe es daro: ante un naufragio se puede perecer, sobrevivir animalmente o trabajar no solo para no morir sino por superar nuestras limitaciones, materiales y espirituales. Las causas del naufragio, de la peste y de la desdicha obedecen a designios inescrutables, solo parcialmente explicables por nuestros pecados. El misterio se manifiesta en la desdicha y la narración de los infortunios nos acerca al misterio máxima justificación de toda narrativa.; Exile - adventure, emigration and consequent, frequent shipwreck is one of the possibilities of misfortune caused precisely by human weaknesses and by inscrutable designs. From Edward Said's reading of Tarzan of the Apes - both from Edgar Rice Burroughs' novel and J. Weissmuller's film cycle (1938-1940) we can go back and postulate a productive hypothesis: Tarzan is the eternal, perpetually exiled, is not a settler like the characters of Defoe or Verne but was born in the wreck of an exile whose goal was colonization, Tarzan myth of mass narrative, like so many immigrant children, was born uprooted because its parents took him there. For his part A diary of the year of the plague, by Daniel Defoe, He proposes a narrative of the misfortunes in a moralistic way, not without a critical note. The message of Defoe's narrative fable is daro: before a shipwreck you can perish, survive animally or work not only not to die but to overcome our limitations, material and spiritual. The causes of shipwreck, plague and misfortune obey inscrutable designs, only partially explicable by our sins. The mystery is manifested in the misery and the narration of the misfortunes approaches the maximum justification mystery of any narrative.

La Agricultura Familiar en el Desarrollo Rural: continuidades y rupturas del paradigma neoliberal en Argentina y Colombia; Agricultura familiar no desenvolvimento rural: continuidades e rupturas do paradigma neoliberal na Argentina e na Colômbia; Family farming in rural development: continuities and ruptures of the neoliberal paradigm in Argentina and Colombia Jara, Cristian Emanuel; Rodriguez Sperat, Ramiro; Rincon Manrique, Luis Felipe Las políticas orientadas hacia el sector rural en Latinoamérica han tenido por objeto mitigar las contradicciones imperantes y estimular su participación en el desarrollo económico, en la búsqueda de una redundancia para el bienestar de la sociedad. Sin embargo, estas estrategias y acciones partieron desde una comprensión particular sobre el "desarrollo" y las vías más apropiadas para alcanzarlo y, según el caso, otorgaron un rol preponderante o marginal a la Agricultura Familiar. Lo cierto es que, tras décadas de aplicación de políticas y programas dirigidos al "desarrollo rural", éstos no han logrado traducirse en cambios estructurales ni tampoco en una mejoría en las condiciones de vida de los productores menos capitalizados del sector. Así, las políticas de desarrollo dominantes los enmarcan como sujetos dependientes en constante proceso de desaparición, y no como sujetos envueltos en dinámicas particulares de transformación en busca de garantizar su reproducción. Ante esto, el artículo replantea la discusión tomando como referencia dos países latinoamericanos, con el objetivo de encontrar continuidades y rupturas en los paradigmas de desarrollo dominantes, y en este marco, develar el papel que se le asigna a la Agricultura Familiar.; Políticas voltadas para o setor rural na América Latina foram destinadas a mitigar as contradições existentes e incentivar a sua participação no desenvolvimento econômico na busca de uma redundância para o bem-estar da sociedade. No entanto, estas estratégias e ações partiram de uma compreensão particular de 'desenvolvimento' e as formas adequadas para alcançá-lo e, quando apropriado, ou concedido um importante papel marginal da Agricultura Familiar. A verdade é que, após décadas de implementação de políticas e programas voltados para o "desenvolvimento rural", eles não conseguiram resultar em mudanças estruturais, nem em uma melhoria nas condições de vida do setor produtores menos capitalizados. Assim, o desenvolvimento de políticas dependentes dominantes enquadrados como um processo contínuo de desaparecimento, e não como sujeitos, em particular transformação dinâmica visa garantir a reprodução. Com isso, o artigo reafirma a discussão com referência a dois países da América Latina, com o objetivo de encontrar continuidades e rupturas nos paradigmas de desenvolvimento dominante, e, neste contexto, revelando o papel que é atribuído à agricultura familiar.; The rural sector policies in Latin America have tried to mitigate the prevailing contradictions and encourage their participation in economic development, in the pursuit of improving the welfare of society. However, these strategies and actions emerge from a particular understanding of 'development' and the appropriate ways to achieve it; in this context, provides a leading or marginal role to family farming. However, after decades of policies and programs implementation aimed to the "rural development", them have failed to result in structural changes or improves in the living conditions of the less capitalized producers sector. Thus, the dominant development policies frame them as dependent subjects in an ongoing process of disappearance, and not as subjects in constant transformation dynamics looking to ensure their reproduction. At this, this article restates this discussion, with reference to two Latin American countries, with the aim of finding continuities and ruptures in the dominant development paradigms, and revealing the paper of family farming.