El proceso de objetivación del tiempo fenomenológico: un estudio acerca de la constitución del tiempo objetivo en términos husserlianos Kretschel, Verónica Partiendo desde una perspectiva fenomenológica, se investiga aquí el denominado tiempo objetivo desde el punto de vista de las operaciones que lo constituyen en la inmanencia de la conciencia. La investigación husserliana analiza el proceso de objetivación del tiempo inmanente sobre la base de una conciencia subjetiva individual. Este abordaje, que podríamos considerar solipsista, intenta ser complementado con un estudio del tiempo del mundo como tiempo intersubjetivo.; From a phenomenological point of view, the objective time is explained as a result of the operations of the constitutive process of the inmanent timeconsciousness. Husserlian research analyses the inmanent time objectivation process focusing on an individual subjective consciousness. Our intention is to try to complete this approach, that we can call solipsistic, by a study of the time of the world as an intersubjective time.

Conflictos políticos y justicia durante la crisis del orden federal en Entre Ríos, 1872-1874 Schmit, Roberto Daniel; Alabart, Mónica Desde mitad del siglo XIX la constitución y emergencia del nuevo orden nacional comenzaría a tensionar y cambiar las tradiciones rioplatenses poscoloniales, produciendo desde el nuevo pacto constitucional una serie muy significativa de transformaciones que impactarían de lleno en el terreno social, político y jurídico. En este trabajo nos proponemos abordar algunos aspectos de aquellas continuidades y mutaciones sobre el poder político entrerriano tras la crisis del federalismo urquicista, a través de una serie de actos de violencia y sediciones sucedidas al interior de la provincia.; From mid-nineteenth century the emergence of the new constitution and national level and stress begin to change traditions postcolonial, resulting from the new constitutional arrangement a very significant series of changes that would impact fully in the social, political and legal. In this paper we propose to address some aspects of those continuities and mutations political power after crisis entrerriano urquicista federalism, through a series of acts of violence and sedition which have occurred within the province.

Hacia una reinterpretación del Museo Imaginario: fotografía y materialidad de la obra de arte; Towards a reinterpretation of the the museum without walls: photography and the materiality of the artwork Diez, Agustin Ricardo El presente artículo tiene como objetivo proponer una lectura contemporánea de El Museo Imaginario (1947, 1951, 1965) de André Malraux. De este modo, plantearemos un abordaje que se diferencie de las interpretaciones tradicionales que ha tenido este texto como antecedente de los procesos de circulación de la imagen artística a través de la fotografía digital en Internet. Puntualmente, partiendo del análisis de las consideraciones del cuerpo de la obra de arte en el trabajo de Malraux, propondremos una doble hipótesis sobre su perspectiva: en primer lugar, la transformación que la fotografía operó en la reproducción de obras de arte no puede desvincularse, para Malraux, del cambio radical que tuvo lugar en la pintura moderna durante las últimas décadas del siglo XIX; en segundo, estos cambios no se circunscribieron al problema de la imagen y su circulación sino que implicaron modificaciones radicales en las nociones de cuerpo y materialidad de la obra de arte.; The aim of this article is to propose a contemporary reading of The Museum without Walls (1947, 1951,1965) written by André Malraux. We support an approach that differs from the traditional interpretations this text has had as a precursor of the circulation of the artistic image through digital photography on the Internet. Starting with an analysis of the body of the work of art on Malraux´s text, we propose two hypotheses about his perspective. Firstly, the photographic transformation developed in the reproduction of artworks is inseparable from the radical change that took place in Modern Painting during the last decades of the nineteenth century. Secondly, these modifications were not limited to the problem of image and circulation but involved radical changes in the notions of body and materiality of the artwork.

Anticoncepción y aborto: reflexiones en torno a las políticas de sexualidad y programas de salud reproductiva en Argentina y Brasil; Contraception and abortion: reflections on sexuality policies and reproductive health programs in Argentina and Brazil del Rio Fortuna, Cynthia Anahi El presente artículo analiza el lugar del aborto en las discusiones en torno a las transformaciones jurídicas y programáticas que se dieron en el proceso de construcción de las políticas públicas en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva, con creciente reconocimiento de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos, en Brasil y Argentina. Luego, el análisis se enfoca en las rutinas profesionales en torno al aborto y la anticoncepción en Argentina, a partir de la relectura del material de campo de una investigación etnográfica propia en un servicio hospitalario de la ciudad de Buenos Aires devenido “referente” para prácticas controvertidas en salud reproductiva. El aborto se manifiesta como un significante potente y omnipresente a la vez que con relativa elasticidad semántica. Su regulación política y, en relación con él, el despliegue de actividades de promoción y prescripción de anticoncepción, se revela como un dispositivo de control social de los cuerpos y las subjetividades de las mujeres.; This article analyzes abortion' place in debates around legal and programmatic changes during process of construction of sexual and reproductive public policies in Brazil and Argentine, in a context of growing acknowledgment of sexual and reproductive rights. Afterwards, from the review of field work material in a hospital –which is “a reference” for controversial practices in reproductive health– the analysis focuses on professional routines about abortion and contraception in Buenos Aires, Argentine. Abortion shows itself as a powerful and omnipresent significant although with a relative semantic flexibility. Its political regulation –and, related to it, the implementation of promotion and contraception methods' prescription– appears as a social control device of women's bodies and subjectivities.

Un campo de estudio e intervención en tiempo futuro Elizalde, Silvia Lorena; Gutierrez, Maria Alicia Se trata de la Introducción crítica al Dossier "Comunicación, Géneros y Sexualidades" correspondiente al Nº 5 de la revista Avatares de la Comunicación y la Cultura, publicación con referato de la carrera de Ciencias de la Comunicación. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (UBA).

Tafonomía del sitio de nidificación de neosaurópodos de Sanagasta (La Rioja, Argentina): ejemplo de preservación excepcional en un paleoambiente hidrotermal del Cretácico; Taphonomy of the neosauropod nesting site from Sanagasta (La Rioja, Argentina): exceptional preservation in a Cretaceous hydrothermal paleoenvironment Fiorelli, Lucas Ernesto; Grellet-tinner, Gerald; Argañaraz, Eloisa; Salgado, Leonardo El sitio de nidificación de Sanagasta (Cretácico), La Rioja, Argentina, resolvió aspectos sobre la reproducción de los neosaurópodos, evidenciando comportamientos coloniales, filopatría, y su reproducción oportunista dependiente de su paleoambiente termal. Aquí describimos la tafonomía del sitio determinando sus patrones bioestratinómicos y diagenéticos. El agrupamiento oológico 3D está bien preservado, sugiriendo asociaciones autóctonas representadas por oviposiciones in situ, sin estructura de nido. El nivel portador presenta una biofábrica matriz-soportada y una clasificación genética de acumulación biogénica “intrínseca”; esto implica comportamiento gregario y colonización preferencial del sitio. La biocenosis corresponde a la producción biogénica (huevos), con la cáscara diagenizada por hidrotermalismo y microorganismos extremófilos. La tanatocenosis y el tiempo promedio fueron nulos por el inmediato enterramiento de los huevos luego de la oviposición indicando que no existió una etapa bioestratinómica. La tafocenosis representa el carácter tafonómico más significativo. Las cáscaras presentan alteraciones por soluciones hidrotermales, mientras la recalcificación y silicificación representan las mineralizaciones más frecuentes. La presencia de microchert, calcedonia, microesferas de ópalo-A, agregados de epidoto y minerales de arcilla reemplazando sectores de la cáscara y las membranas del huevo, confirman una alteración hidrotermal bajo condiciones excepcionales. La presencia de microorganismos fósiles (estromatolitos, cianobacterias y diatomeas), numerosas macro-estructuras, microfacies y microfábricas hidrotermales, y los atributos tafonómicos oológicos, sugiere que el sitio de nidificación de Sanagasta representa un particular ejemplo de tafocenosis y un Lagerstätte. El sitio de nidificación de neosaurópodos de Sanagasta es el primer caso fósil documentado sobre la reproducción de un grupo de dinosaurios dependiente de su ambiente.; The Cretaceous Sanagasta nesting site, La Rioja Province, Argentina, has shed insights on the reproductive behavior of neosauropods, documenting colonial behavior, phylopatry, and an opportunistic environment-dependent-reproduction relationship with their paleoenvironment. The taphonomy of this monotypic nesting site is described in order to assess its biostratinomy and fossil diagenesis. The 3D spatial egg-clutch arrangement is well preserved and suggests the presence of autochthonous associations with in-situ ovipositions, without nesting trace. The egg-bearing level presents a matrix-supported packed biofabric and an “intrinsic” biogenic accumulation that implies a gregarious behavior through their preferential colonization of a specific paleohydrothermal nesting site. The biocenosis of biogenically deposited eggs, with eggshell mineralization is altered by hydrothermal activity, and extremophile microorganisms. The thanatocenosis and time-averaging were virtually null because the eggs buried in the substrate immediately after being laid. In contrast, the taphocenosis represents the most important taphonomic feature. The eggshells display several synchronous taphonomic alterations produced by acidic hot spring solutions, while re-calcification and silicification are the most common eggshell recrystallizations. The presence of microchert, chalcedony, ~10 μm-diamteer opal-A microspheres, epidote aggregates, several macro-structures, and fibrous clay minerals replacing parts of the eggshell and egg membranes, indicates an extreme hydrothermal alteration under exceptional conditions. The presence of fossil stromatolites, cyanobacterians, and diatoms, coupled with sedimentary tructures (microfacies and hydrothermal microfabrics), and with eggs taphonomy imply that the Sanagasta nesting site represents a particular instance of taphocenosis and a Lagerstätte. The Sanagasta dinosaur nesting site is the first documented case of environment-dependent reproduction amongst neosauropods.

Dos sustitutos inusuales de la yerba mate (Ilex pseudobuxus e Ilex taubertiana): morfología, flavonoides y distribución geográfica; Two unusual maté substitutes (Ilex pseudobuxus and I. taubertiana): morphology, flavonoids and geographical distribution Ricco, Rafael Alejandro; Giberti, Gustavo Carlos; Wagner, Marcelo Luis; Gurni, Alberto Angel Ilex pseudobuxus e I. taubertiana fueron considerados sustituyentes menores del árbol de la yerba mate genuina (Ilex paraguariensis, Aquifoliaceae), una especie cuyas áreas de distribución natural y producción son semejantes aunque no son idénticas a la corología de los taxa precedentes. Dichas especies eran consideradas presuntamente muy emparentadas sistemáticamente (ambas pertenecen a la subsección laxae Loes.), ya que comparten algunos caracteres morfológicos. Aquí se presenta un estudio morfológico y fitoquímico (flavonoides) de este grupo, sustentados por nuestras propias colecciones a campo de estas especies y por observaciones realizadas in situ, todo acompañado por una revisión de la literatura disponible sobre la exomorfología, anatomía vegetal, citología, fitoquímica y metabolómica del grupo. Adicionalmente, como sus áreas de distribución geográfica no coinciden exactamente con aquella perteneciente a la yerba mate genuina, expresamos que ambas especies no pertenecen al grupo de los principales adulterantes de la yerba mate.; Ilex pseudobuxus and I. taubertiana were considered as minor substitutes of the true maté's tree (Ilex paraguariensis, Aquifoliaceae), a species whose wild distribution and production areas are allied but not identical to the chorology of the former taxa. The two species were considered as presumably close on Systematics grounds (both belong to subsection laxae Loes.) as they share few exomorphological traits. A morphological and flavonoid study approach, based on our own wild field collections and in situ observations is attempted here, accompanied by a review of the existing literature on exomorphology, plant anatomy, cytology, phytochemistry and metabolomics of the group. We conclude that both species are not so closely related as it was presumed, and that they are also quite different from Ilex paraguariensis. Additionally, as their geographical distribution areas differ to that of the genuine maté, we believe that they are not in Ilex paraguariensismayor cogeneric substitutes group.

Laberintos de la emancipación: reciprocidad y conflicto entre agentes de promoción social y dirigentes campesinos; Labyrinths of the emancipation: reciprocity and conflict between agents of social development and peasants leaders Cowan Ros, Carlos Javier En el artículo se analiza el vínculo entre técnicos de una ONG de promoción social y dirigentes de una organización campesino-indígena, situada en la provincia de Jujuy, noroeste de Argentina. El lazo es interpretado como una relación de mediación cultural, que se constituye a través de un ciclo de prestaciones sociales, del tipo dádiva, que envuelve expectativas y compromisos, no siempre correspondidos. En el vínculo se expresa una de las paradojas de la promoción social, que se constituye en objeto de análisis empírico y de reflexión teórica de este artículo. Ese tipo de relación presenta cierta ambigüedad: si, por un lado, los agentes de promoción social pretenden llevar a los destinatarios de sus acciones a una posición de mayor autonomía o emancipación, por otro, a partir del vínculo que crean y de la posición de poder que ocupan, generan cierta dependencia con la institución que encarnan. Esa contradicción se explicita en tensiones y disputas, cuyo desarrollo resulta en la reconfiguración del lazo y de la organización social en la que opera.; This paper analyzes the relationship between the professional team members of a NGO in the field of social development, and the leaders of an organisation of peasants and aboriginal, located in the province of Jujuy, northwest of Argentina. The link itself is interpreted as a relationship of cultural mediation, which is constructed through a cycle of social provisions —in terms of free benefits— which involves a net of expectations and commitments —not always honoured—. These links expose one of the paradoxes of social development, which constitutes the main object of empirical analysis and theoretical reflection of this paper. This kind of bond shows a certain ambiguity: if, on the one hand, the agents of social promotion aim a better position in terms of autonomy and emancipation for the target group of their actions, on the other hand, through the kind of bond they build and as a consequence of the sort of power they exert, they tend to generate some dependence with the institutions they represent. This contradiction is manifested through tensions and disputes that, when develop, result on reconfigurations of the bond itself, and of the social organisations they work with.

A structural and vibrational study of dehydrofukinone combining FTIR, FTRaman, UV–visible and NMR spectroscopies with DFT calculations Lizarraga, Emilio Fernando; Romano, Élida; Raschi, Ana Beatriz; Leyton, Patricio; Paipa, Carolina; Catalan, Cesar Atilio Nazareno; Brandan, Silvia Antonia The vibrational and electronic properties of 4b,5b-eremophil-7(11)9-dien-8-one, also known as dehydrofukinone (DHF), have been investigated by using experimental FT-IR, FT-Raman, NMR and UV spectra techniques and density functional theory (DFT) employing B3LYP exchange correlation with the 6-31G and 6-311++G basis sets. The calculated vibrational frequencies and the chemical shifts were successfully compared with the corresponding experimental values. The DFT calculations were combined with the Pulay’s scaled quantum mechanical force field (SQMFF) methodology in order to perform a complete assignment of the observed bands in the vibrational spectra. The comparison of the theoretical ultraviolet–visible spectrum with the corresponding experimental demonstrates a good concordance. The natural bond orbital (NBO) study reveals for the isopropyliden and the two rings of DHF the characteristics of the electronic delocalization, while the corresponding topological properties of electronic charge density were analyzed by employing Bader’s Atoms in the Molecules theory (AIM).

Marosa di Giorgio: surrealismo e imaginación erótica Nespolo, Maria Jimena En la obra poética de Marosa di Giorgio, el erotismo se asocia a una concepción ominosa de la maternidad. De un modo radical, esta escritura subvierte la figura judeocristiana de la madre pura y beata para postular esa “maternidad monstruosa” como apología del acto creativo. En la profusa red de herencias surrealistas y afinidades electivas que rodean esta poética, hay al menos tres escritoras rioplatenses a las que puede identificarse como precursoras: Delmira Agustini, Armonía Somers y Alejandra Pizarnik.; In the poetry of Marosa di Giorgio, eroticism is associated with a conception of motherhood quite ominous. In a radical way, this script subverts Judeo-Christian figure of pure and pious mother to postulate this “monstrous maternity” in defence of the creative act. In the profuse network of surrealist legacies and elective affinities surrounding this poetic, there are at least three writers in Rio de la Plata to wich can be identified as precursors: Delmira Agustini, Armonia Somers and Alejandra Pizarnik.

Aportes para pensar la participación comunitaria en salud/salud mental desde la perspectiva de redes; Contributions to thinking about community participation in health/mental health from the perspective of networks; Contribuições para pensar a participação comunitária em saúde/saúde mental a partir da perspectiva de redes Bang, Claudia Lia; Stolkiner, Alicia Ines Desde la declaración de Alma-Ata, en 1978, múltiples experiencias han incluido en sus prácticas en salud/salud mental dispositivos basados en la participación comunitaria. En ellas se han reproducido sentidos globales y abstractos que artificialmente homogeneizan las características comunitarias y participativas, reproduciendo modelos normativos que dieron origen a la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS). El objetivo de este artículo es revisar algunos de los principales aportes de la teoría de redes que, desde una perspectiva compleja, permitan redimensionar la participación comunitaria en salud. Se indagan las lógicas en que son entendidas la comunidad y la participación comunitaria en un estudio de caso. Se concluye que considerar a la población como actor potencial y generar canales efectivos de participación sigue siendo un gran desafío.; Since the declaration of Alma-Ata (1978), multiple experiences have included devices based on community participation in their practices in health/mental health. Abstract and global senses that artificially homogenized community and participatory characteristics have been reproduced, reproducing models that gave rise to the Primary Health Care (PHC). This paper aims to review some of the main contributions of the networks theory that, from a complex perspective, resize the community participation in health. In a case study, the logics in which community and community participation are understood are enquired. It is concluded that to consider the population as a potential role player and to generate effective channels of participation remain a great challenge.; Desde a declaração de Alma-Ata, em 1978, múltiplas experiências incluíram em suas práticas de saúde/saúde mental dispositivos baseados na participação comunitária. Nelas reproduziram-se sentidos globais e abstratos que homogeneízam artificialmente as características comunitárias e participativas, reproduzindo modelos normativos que deram origem à Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). O objetivo deste artigo é revisar algumas das principais contribuições da teoria de redes que, desde uma perspectiva complexa, permitam redimensionar a participação comunitária em saúde. Indagam-se as lógicas que entendem a comunidade e a participação comunitária em um estudo de caso. Conclui-se que considerar a população como ator potencial e gerar canais efetivos de participação continua a ser um grande desafio.

Matching metal pollution with bioavailability, bioaccumulation and biomarkers response in fish (Centropomus parallelus) resident in neotropical estuaries Souza, Iara C.; Duarte, Ian D.; Pimentel, Natieli Q.; Rocha, Lívia D.; Morozesk, Mariana; Bonomo, Marina M.; Azevedo, Vinicius C.; Pereira, Camilo D.S.; Monferran, Magdalena Victoria; Milanez, Camilla R. D.; Matsumoto, Silvia T.; Wunderlin, Daniel Alberto; Fernandes, Marisa N. Two neotropical estuaries affected by different anthropogenic factors were studied. We report levels of metals and metalloids in water and sediment as well as their influence on genetic, biochemical and morphological biomarkers in the native fish Centropomus parallelus. Biomarkers reflected the fish health status. Multivariate statistics indicated both spatial and temporal changes in both water and sediment, which are linked to the elemental composition and health status of inhabitant fish, showing the biggest influence of surface water, followed by sediments and interstitial water. Bioaccumulation in fish muscle was useful to identify elements that were below detection limits in water, pointing out the risk of consuming fish exceeding allowance limits for some elements (As and Hg in this case). Multivariate statistics, including physical, chemical and biological issues, presents a suitable tool, integrating data from different origin allocated in the same estuary, which could be useful for future studies on estuarine systems.

The role of Pleistocene glaciations in shaping the genetic structure of South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) Tunez, Juan Ignacio; Cappozzo, Humberto Luis; Pavés, H.; Albareda, D. A.; Cassini, Marcelo Hernan Analysing a 529 bp segment of the mitochondrial control region, we evaluated the role that Pleistocene glaciations may have had in shaping the genetic structure currently found in the two southernmost breeding areas of the South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis. Additionally, we analysed if these two breedingareas correspond to different conservation units. We found 26 haplotypes in 54 individuals. Colonies from the Uruguayan breeding area did not show significant differences in haplotype frequencies, which suggest that they are remnants of a single ancient gene pool. The genealogical relationship between haplotypes revealed a pattern of phylogeographic structure with two main haplogroups corresponding to the different breeding areas. The analysis of molecular variance and the estimate of population divergence time also indicated significant genetic differences and a long period of isolation between Atlantic and Pacific colonies, suggesting that these breeding areas would correspond to different conservation units.

Delivery of recombinant vaccines against bovine herpesvirus type 1 and Babesia bovis to mice using liposomes derived from egg yolk lipids Rodriguez, Anabel Elisa; Zamorano, Patricia Ines; Wilkowsky, Silvina Elizabeth; Torrá, Florencia Lucia; Ferreri, Lucas; Dominguez, Mariana Gabriela; Jacobsen, Monica Ofelia Liposomes prepared from total egg yolk lipid extracts were used to deliver experimental DNA vaccines to mice consisting of pCI-neo plasmids encoding bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) gD or Babesia bovis MSA-2c. A significantly higher proportion of mice in the B. bovis MSA-2c group, but not those in the BoHV-1 gD group, developed detectable immunoglobulin G responses when vaccinated with liposome encapsulated DNA in comparison with mice vaccinated with naked DNA. In both groups, antibody titres were similar between mice vaccinated with liposome encapsulated DNA and naked DNA.

Combined treatment with benznidazole and allopurinol in mice infected with a virulent Trypanosoma cruzi isolate from Nicaragua Grosso, Noelia Lorena; López Alarcón, Maria Micaela; Bua, Jacqueline Elena; Laucella, Susana Adriana; Riarte, Adelina; Fichera, Laura Edith We evaluated the effect of chemotherapy with a sequential combined treatment of a low dose of benznidazole and allopurinol, in different schedules of administration, in experimental models of acute and chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Mice were infected with Nicaragua T. cruzi isolate, a virulent parasite from an endemic area of Nicaragua, genotyped as TcI (Grosso et al. 2010). We assessed survival rate, IgG levels, histopathological studies and quantified parasitaemia. A 15% survival rate was recorded in untreated mice during the acute phase of T. cruzi infection. Allopurinol administered immediately after benznidazole treatment was able to reduce parasitaemia and attenuate tissue damage by reducing inflammation. Trypanosoma cruzi-specific antibodies also decreased in 40–50% of the treated mice. The addition of allopurinol during the chronic phase showed the highest beneficial effect, not only by reducing parasitaemia but also by lowering the degree of inflammation and fibrosis.

Obesity Induces Hypothalamic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Impairs Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) Post-translational Processing Cakir, Isin; Cyr, Nicole E.; Perello, Mario; Litvinov, Bogdan Patedakis; Romero, Amparo; Stuart, Ronald C.; Nillni, Eduardo A. It was shown previously that abnormal prohormone processing or inactive proconverting enzymes that are responsible for this processing cause profound obesity. Our laboratory demonstrated earlier that in the diet-induced obesity (DIO) state, the appetite-suppressing neuropeptide -melanocyte-stimulating hormone ( -MSH) is reduced, yet the mRNA of its precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC) remained unaltered. It was also shown that the DIO condition promotes the development of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and leptin resistance. In the current study, using an in vivo model combined with in vitro experiments, we demonstrate that obesity-induced ER stress obstructs the post-translational processing of POMC by decreasing proconverting enzyme 2, which catalyzes the conversion of adrenocorticotropin to -MSH, thereby decreasing -MSH peptide production. This novel mechanism of ER stress affecting POMC processing in DIO highlights the importance of ER stress in regulating central energy balance in obesity.

Modos de la imagen en Big Bang de Severo Sarduy Santucci, Silvana De acuerdo con los postulados de John Berger (1972), podemos afirmar que lo visible no existe en ninguna parte más que en el conjunto de imágenes que el ojo crea al mirar. Y, a pesar de que a veces lo visible pueda permanecer oculto o alternativamente iluminado, una vez que el ojo lo aprehende, comienza a formar parte sustancial de nuestro medio de vida. A la vez, lo que sabemos o lo que creemos afecta el modo en que vemos las cosas. Es por ello que, si acordamos con Berger, resulta sencillo considerar que nuestra apreciación y percepción de la imagen depende del modo de ver que tengamos (Berger 2012, 7-9).

Emulsifier and antioxidant properties of by-products obtained by enzymatic degumming of soybean oil Cabezas, Dario Marcelino; Diehl, B. W. K.; Tomas, Mabel Cristina The enzymes used in degumming, called phospholipases, specifically act on phospholipids without degrading the oil itself. Degumming using a phospholipase C enzyme allows to meet all market specifications while it increases the oil yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant and emulsifier properties of the recovered gum (RG) obtained by enzymatic oil degumming process of crude soybean oil subjected to modifications as deoiling (RG deoiled) or ethanol fractionation (RG soluble and insoluble). RG soluble allowed obtaining more stable O/W emulsions (30:70 w/w) in comparison with those by-products assayed at different concentrations (0.1?1.0%). Also, deoiled soybean lecithin (DSL) andRG deoiled had a similar behavior in relation to the kinetic destabilization (%BS profiles), despite the different degumming processes used to obtain these samples. The study on induction times (Metrohm Rancimat) showed a significant antioxidant effect (p<0.05) against a refined sunflower oil associated with all the by-products analyzed. However, RG soluble and DSL showed a strong effect on the oil stability at high concentrations (1000?2000 ppm). These results showed that the deoiled recovered gum and its derivates obtained by ethanol fractionation are a potential alternative for industrial application as additive.

Conformational transferability of the sulfenyl carbonyl group -SC(O)- in cyclic thioesters Dugarte Jiménez, Nahir Yerely; Erben, Mauricio Federico; Hey Hawkins, Evamarie; Lönnecke, Peter; Stadlbauer, Sven; Ge, Mao Fa; Li, Yao; Piro, Oscar Enrique; Echeverría, Gustavo Alberto; Della Védova, Carlos Omar The molecular and crystal structure of two dithiolactones (formally dimers of ε-caprothiolactone and ω-hexadecathiolactone) have been determined by X-ray diffraction at low temperature, revealing that the thioester group is planar with a synperiplanar orientation of the C═O double bond with respect to the S—C single bond. This conformational behavior is in contrast to that found for the smaller cyclic members of this family, where the antiperiplanar conformation is enforced. It is hypothesized that strain effects play a major role for the energy balance in the conformational preference. In this context, the molecular, vibrational (infrared and Raman), and electronic properties of ε-caprothiolactone have also been analyzed by using a combined experimental, including gas-phase helium I photoelectron spectroscopy, and computational approach.

La cultura teológica de las elites letradas. ¿especulación teórica o pragmatismo en el Tucumán del siglo XVIII?; The theological culture of the learned elites: theoretical speculation or pragmatism in 18th century Tucumán? Benito Moya, Silvano Gabriel Antonio Los estudios teológicos de la principal formadora de las elites del Tucumán, la Universidad de Córdoba, le sirvieron en su proceso de dominio del campo simbó- lico y también en la legitimación que de sí mismos realizaron los grupos de poder. Contrariamente a lo sostenido por los historiadores tradicionales la universidad colonial no estuvo ajena a los problemas sociales y políticos a los cuales se buscó dar solución también desde la teología. Se distinguen dos momentos bien definidos durante el siglo xviii, una primera etapa hasta 1767 y, otra segunda, desde la expulsión de los jesuitas hasta 1810. En éstas se estudian las corrientes del probabilismo, probabiliorismo, regalismo, galicanismo y jansenismo, desde la perspectiva de cómo se contribuyó a solidificar un determinado orden social y una cultura legítima y a sujetar los lazos de los súbditos para con sus soberanos, ligando mejor a la sociedad con el aparato de dominación.; Theological studies of the primary center of formation for the Tucumán elite, the University of Córdoba, helped in the University’s process of mastering the symbolic realm and aided the process of self-legitimization that the power centers carried out. Contrary to the claims of traditional historians, the colonial university was not aloof from social and political problems; problems for which they tried to provide theologically based solutions. There are two distinctly defined periods during the 18th Century, the first stage lasting until 1767, and the second stage ranging from the expulsion of the Jesuits until 1810. In this work, probabilism, probabiliorism, regalism, gallicanism, and jansenism are analyzed from the perspective of how they contributed to the solidification of a particular social order and legitimate culture, holding together the bonds between subjects and their sovereign, better unifying the society under a system of domination.