Enseñar biotecnología en la escuela: aportes y reflexiones didácticas Occelli, Maricel En los últimos años las reformas curriculares han incorporado los contenidos de biotecnología en diferentes asignaturas. De hecho, se pueden observar conceptos y procedimientos biotecnológicos en casi todos los niveles educativos, desde las nuevas propuestas para la formación docente hasta los currículos de los niveles secundario y primario. En particular, en la escuela secundaria la biotecnología toma tal protagonismo que hasta se propone, en algunos casos, el desarrollo de una asignatura específica para la orientación o especialidad en Ciencias Naturales. Sin embargo, este encuentro con la biotecnología no responde a caprichos de quienes diseñan el currículo, solo basta mirar la prensa escrita para encontrarse con titulares que hacen referencia a desarrollos biotecnológicos. Entonces, cabe preguntarnos ¿Cómo enseñar biotecnología? ¿Qué estrategias se pueden implementar en un aula que no cuenta con laboratorios complejos? ¿Cómo trabajar las temáticas biotecnológicas controvertidas? En este artículo presento algunos aportes que surgen de diversas experiencias de innovación e investigación. En primer lugar analizare qué se entiende por biotecnología y luego discutiré algunas estrategias de enseñanza que pueden permitir su abordaje en el aula.

Federalismo y mecanismos de articulación intergubernamental: el funcionamiento de los consejos federales en Argentina Rey, Maximiliano El sistema federal de gobierno garantiza constitucionalmente dos niveles de gobierno. El rasgo central de tal estructura política es que cada nivel elige sus propios gobernantes, quienes quedan a cargo de competencias territoriales compartidas o concurrentes, vale decir que aplican decisiones sobre el mismo territorio. Tal situación plantea ciertos dilemas: ¿De qué manera poner de acuerdo actores políticos con agendas incongruentes, con potestades sobre la misma población? ¿Qué procedimientos permiten compaginar iniciativas de políticas no coincidentes y facilitan la convergencia en caso de políticas o programas comunes? Partiendo de estas consideraciones, este trabajo de investigación indaga en las relaciones intergubernamentales experimentadas en tres sectores de políticas, centrándose en los tipos y causas de los acuerdos logrados en los consejos federales (ámbitos de encuentro entre los gobiernos provinciales y el gobierno nacional) de cada sector.; The federal system of government guarantees constitutionally two levels of government. The central feature of such a political structure is that each level chooses their own rulers, who are in charge of shared or concurrent territorial jurisdiction, namely applying decisions on the same territory. This situation raises certain dilemmas: How political actors with inconsistent agendas and powers on the same population, can agree? What procedures allow to arrange not coincidental policies and facilitate the convergence in case of policies or common programs? Based on these considerations, this research explores intergovernmental relations experienced in three policy areas, focusing on the types and causes of the agreements reached in the federal councils (areas of meeting between the provincial governments and the national government) of each sector.

Concepciones culturales en pugna: Repercusiones del inicio de la Guerra Fría, el zdhanovismo y el peronismo en el Partido Comunista argentino Prado Acosta, Laura El escenario internacional de posguerra y el triunfo de Juan Perón en los comicios presidenciales argentinos exigieron al Partido Comunista una serie de replanteos. Entre 1946 y 1952, se generaron debates en torno a la adaptación local de la política cultural soviética y al posicionamiento ante el triunfante peronismo. Ambos frentes problemáticos se articularon anunciando el progresivo abandono del estilo cultural antifascista. El ámbito de la cultura fue un terreno de enfrentamientos políticos, abiertos en algunos casos, solapados en otros. En esa puja se redefinió la relación entre cultura y política, se alteró el vínculo con el peronismo y se abrió paso a la conformación de un nuevo ethos militante.; The international post-war scenario and the victory of Juan Domingo Perón in Argentina´s presidential elections demanded deep changes from the Communist Party. Between 1946 and 1952, many debates took place around both the local adaptation of the Soviet cultural politics and the Party’s positioning vis-a-vis a triumphant Peronism. Both problematic fronts came together, making way for the gradual abandonment of the antifascist cultural style. This process was neither automatic nor passive. The field of culture became a ground for political contest, open in some cases, overlapped in others. In that struggle a new type of militancy took shape and the relationship between culture and politics was redefined.

Dinámica de pastoreo en dos comunidades de la Puna de Jujuy, Argentina: Lagunillas del Farallón y Suripujio; Pastoral dynamic in two communities in the puna in jJujuy, Argentina: Lagunillas del Farallón y Suripujio Wawrzyk, Ana Celeste; Vila, Bibiana Leonor En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis comparativo de la dinámica del pastoreo en dos comunidades de la puna o altiplano jujeño, a fin de identificar las diversas estrategias empleadas para reducir los riesgos y la incertidumbre asociada a la actividad pastoril. La comunidad de Lagunillas del Farallón se ubica en el extremo noroeste de la puna de la provincia de Jujuy, donde los pastores crían principalmente llamas y cabras con un sistema de rotación estival. La comunidad de Suripujio está ubicada en el extremo noreste de la puna jujeña, donde los pastores se dedican a la ganadería de llamas y ovejas, caracterizada por su gran movilidad en distintos pisos altitudinales. Entre las estrategias empleadas por los pastores se han identificado: la trashumancia, los hatos múltiples y el uso de diversos pisos ecológicos. En este trabajo se comprobó que ambas comunidades emplean las mismas estrategias productivas aunque con algunas variantes influenciadas principalmente por la disponibilidad de recursos (forrajeros y de agua) en las distintas épocas del año, las características etológicas de las especies empleadas, la mano de obra disponible y la presencia de predadores en los sitios de pastoreo.; This paper presents a comparative analysis of pastoral dynamics in two different communities located in the puna or altiplano of Jujuy in order to identify the strategies employed to reduce the risk and uncertainty associated with pastoralism. Lagunillas del Farallón is located in the northwest extreme of the altiplano of Jujuy and the local pastoralists breed llamas and goats with a summer rotation. Suripujio is located in the northeast of the altiplano and this local pastoralists breed llamas and sheep with high mobility between different altitudinal environments. Among the strategies used by pastoralists we have identified: transhumance, diversity of herds, and the use of different altitudinal habitats. Here, we demonstrate that both communities use the same strategies with some differences that are mainly influenced by the availability of resources (pasture and water) at different times of the year, the ethological characteristics of the species used, the available labor, and the presence of predators in the grazing areas.

Análisis comparativo de la tecnomorfología cerámica de los sitios de la cuenca media e inferior del Río Coronda Sartori, Julieta Isabel; Scuizzatto, Franca; Galligani, Paula Elisabet En este trabajo se presentan los resultados preliminares del estudio de la producción tecnológica cerámica elaborada por grupos cazadores-recolectores que habitaron sitios ubicados en la Cuenca Media e Inferior del río Coronda (provincia de Santa Fe). A partir del análisis macroscópico de los fragmentos recuperados se espera aportar a la comprensión de las elecciones tecnológicas cerámicas así como también a las diversas manifestaciones conductuales humanas que produjeron estos registros. El poder analizar registros que provienen de diferentes sitios comprendidos dentro de la misma zona permite obtener un panorama general respecto de las similitudes- diferencias en las elecciones realizadas para dar respuesta a las necesidades que plantea un ambiente particular.; In this paper we present the first results about the study of pottery realized by hunters-gatherers that inhabited the sites of the Lower Basin of the Coronda river (province of Santa Fe). The macroscopic analysis of the sherds was done in order to know which elections were carry out about the pottery production and others behaviors associated with this activity. The analysis of this archaeological record that come from different sites in the zone allows us to have a general view about the similarities and differences in the choices made by people who lived in this particular environment in the past.; Neste artigo, apresentamos resultados preliminares da produção tecnológica de cerâmica produzidas pelos caçadores-recolectores que habitavam locais no Médio e Baixo rio Bacia Coronda (Santa Fe). A partir da análise macroscópica dos fragmentos recuperados devem contribuir para a compreensão das escolhas de tecnologia cerâmica, bem como as diversas manifestações do comportamento humano que produziu esses registros. O poder de analisar os registros de sites diferentes que se encontram dentro da mesma área genera a posibilidade de ter uma visão geral sobre as semelhanças e as diferenças nas escolhas feitas para atender às necessidades decorrentes de um ambiente particular.

Anandamide inhibits transport-related oxygen consumption in the loop of Henle by activating CB1 receptors Silva, Guillermo Benjamin; Atchison, Douglas K.; Juncos, Luis Isaias; Garcia, Nestor Horacio The energy required for active Na chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb (TAL) depends on oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation (OXP). In other cells, Na transport is inhibited by the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide through the activation of the cannabinoid receptors (CB) type 1 and 2. However, it is unclear whether anandamide alters TAL transport and the mechanisms that could be involved. We hypothesized that anandamide inhibits TAL transport via activation of CB1 receptors and NO. For this, we measured oxygen consumption (QO2) in TAL suspensions to monitor the anandamide effects on transport and OXP. Anandamide reduced QO2 in a concentration-dependent manner. During Na-K-2Cl cotransport and Na/H exchange inhibition, anandamide did not inhibit TAL QO2. To test the role of the cannabinoid receptors, we used specific agonists and antagonists of CB1 and CB2 receptors. The CB1-selective agonist WIN55212–2 reduced QO2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Also, the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant blocked the effect of anandamide on QO2. In contrast, the CB2-selective agonist JHW-133 had no effect on QO2, while the CB2 receptor antagonist AM-630 failed to block the anandamide effects on QO2. To confirm these results, we measured CB1 and CB2 receptor expression and only CB1 expression was detected. Because CB1 receptors are strong nitric oxide synthase (NOS) stimulators and NO inhibits transport in TALs, we evaluated the role of NO. Anandamide stimulated NO production and the NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester blocked the anandamide effects on QO2. We conclude that anandamide inhibits TAL Na transport-related QO2 via activation of CB1 receptor and NOS.

El Club de Cultura Socialista y la gestión Alfonsín: transición a una nueva cultura política plural y democrática; The Socialist Culture Club and the Alfonsín´s management: transition to a new political democratic culture Ponza, Pablo Mariano El artículo analiza la fundación y posicionamiento político del Club de Cultura Socialista durante el gobierno de Raúl Alfonsín (1983-1989). El texto describe sus objetivos e intervenciones a lo largo de la gestión de Alfonsín, intervenciones que quedaron marcadas por la cercanía y el apoyo entre 1983-1987, y el cuestionamiento y las desavenencias entre 1987-1989. El texto aborda las dos principales preocupaciones del período: en primer lugar, la re-significación de ciertas tradiciones político-ideológicas de la izquierda, el intento de cortar con un pasado autoritario, los deseos de ampliar la participación ciudadana y promover una nueva cultura política en clave democrática. Y en segundo lugar, la estrategia democratizadora de Alfonsín, el juzgamiento por violaciones de derechos humanos y la presión de los militares en un contexto de crisis económica.; This article analyzes the foundation and the political position of the Socialist Culture Club during the government of Raúl Alfonsín (1983-1989) describing goals and interventions along his management. The text has two main concerns about this period: first, the conceptual re-signification of democracy, the attempt to cut with an authoritarian past and to expand citizen participation promoting a new political culture. Secondly, it analyzes the Alfonsin´s democratization strategy, the prosecution for human rights violations and the resistance from the military in an economic crisis environment.

Forecasting of the transformer core destruction factor by means of multivariate methods for data analysis Díaz, G. A.; Romero Quete, Andrés Arturo; Mombello, Enrique Esteban; Furlan, Norma Lucía In designing and building of transformers, the core destruction factor is the superposition of all effects that cause a difference between the value of the core losses calculated during the design stage of the unit and the measured value after built. In this paper, two methods for forecasting the core destruction factor are proposed. One based on Mahalanobis distance and the other one based on cluster analysis. A comparison of the results obtained by conventional calculation procedure with respect to those obtained through the proposed methodologies is developed. Finally, the expected cost savings by applying the methods proposed in this article are estimated.

Meios de comunicação e religiosidade: Mediações e perspectivas midiáticas na concepção das comunicações evangélicas Miguel, Gloria Elena Os meios de comunicação e a produção cultural evangélica constituem parte da oferta comunicativa contemporânea. Neste artigo, concentramo-nos no caso de uma emissora internacional de radiofonia evangélica, que articula uma rede de emissoras na América Latina, e exploramos as concepções das comunicações evangélicas que atravessam e configuram este espaço. A análise do discurso da emissora em seu website e em suas aulas de capacitação para comunicadores nos permitiu explorar as articulações entre religiosidade e cultura midiática. Por um lado, os modos de comunicação próprios dos cultos se diversificam a partir do uso dos meios e, por outro, se consolida a vertente comunicacional evangélica com formatos heterogêneos e expressões de inserção diversa na produção midiática contemporânea.; The mass media and the cultural evangelical production constitute a part of the communicative contemporary offer. In this paper we center in the case of an international chain of evangelical radio who articulates a radio stations network in Latin America, and we explore the conceptions of the evangelical communications that cross and form this media space. The analysis of the discourse of the radio chain in the website and in the classes of training that gives for communicators allows to explore the joints among religiousness and media culture. On the one hand, the use of the media diversify the traditional manners of communication of the cults and, for other one, there is a evangelical communication slope consolidated by heterogeneous formats and expressions from diverse insertion in the contemporary media production.

Flujos verticales de información: emergencias y tensiones entre la prensa nacional y subnacional. El caso de Santiago del Estero Picco, Ernesto Este trabajo aborda la circulación de información periodística entre los medios provinciales y nacionales. Es lo que aquí se propone llamar flujos verticales de información, para analizar cómo las noticias locales se vuelven de interés nacional, y cómo esa visibilización del interior incide luego en los ámbitos subnacionales. Se toma aquí el caso de Santiago del Estero, y se analizan las noticias que hicieron referencia a la provincia en los diarios Clarín y La Nación durante 2012. Se analizan así cuáles son los temas que los grandes medios nacionales consideran como noticiables respecto de lo que ocurre en los ámbitos subnacionales. En una segunda instancia se abordan las tensiones de la circulación de información periodística entre el dominio nacional y el subnacional, dando cuenta de cómo muchas noticias locales aparecen antes en los medios nacionales que en los provinciales, cuando logran superar los límites del control político-editorial en las provincias. El texto da cuenta de este fenómeno con el seguimiento de cuatro casos periodísticos del 2012 en los dos niveles: la aplicación de la ley de medios; el caso del intendente acusado de contrabando, la estrategia de re-reelección del gobernador Gerardo Zamora, y los asesinatos de militantes del Mocase.

Emulation of Synchronous Generator for Frequency Control of Smart Microgrids Frack Auger, Pablo Federico; Martinez, Maximiliano; Molina, Marcelo Gustavo; Mercado, Pedro Enrique Microgrids (MGs) are emerging as a new paradigm for the integration of Distributed Generation (DG) assets. These novel grid structures present significant benefits to the Electric Power System. One of the most important benefits is the reliability improvement due to the capacity of islanded standalone operation. Nevertheless, this stand-alone operation can bring some problems related to frequency control, especially in MGs with many DG units connected through power electronics interfaces. In this case, the frequency control capacity and hence the stability margins are drastically reduced. This paper presents the design and implementation of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell integrated with supercapacitor energy storage and its control strategy for the frequency control of ac-MGs.

El ocaso del positivismo jurídico incluyente; The decline of Inclusive Legal Positivism Etcheverry, Juan Bautista Este trabajo busca dilucidar si el positivismo incluyente logra renovar la tradición del positivismo jurídico o si, por el contrario, es un reflejo de su decadencia. Para ello, en primer lugar, se presentarán las principales tesis del positivismo incluyente y se advertirá cómo redefine algunas de las tesis tradicionales del positivismo jurídico. Luego se pondrá de manifiesto en qué medida dicha redefinición supone una renovación o un abandono de la tradición positivista. A partir de estos desarrollos se mostrarán las dificultades que tiene el positivismo incluyente para explicar la objetividad de los criterios morales que son incorporados en los sistemas jurídicos actuales. Dichas dificultades de algún modo también afectan su concepción de la discrecionalidad judicial. Además, se sostendrá que esta versión del positivismo jurídico tampoco puede ser presentada (como pretendieron algunos de sus defensores) como una alternativa eficaz frente a la arbitrariedad legal. Por último, se afirmará que el tipo de approach avalorativo del positivismo incluyente lo conduce a resultados poco relevantes.; The purpose of this work is to elucidate if inclusive legal positivism can renovate legal positivism´s tradition or if it is a reflection of its decadence. To that end, the main thesis of inclusive legal positivism will be explained and it will be showed how they redefine some of traditional positivism’s thesis. Next, it will be explained in which way this redefinition of traditional thesis update or leave legal positivism tradition. On this basis, it will be proposed that inclusive positivism has difficulties to explain the objectivity of the moral principles and standards that are incorporated in current legal systems. These difficulties also affect inclusive positivism´s conception of judicial discretion. It will be also held that this version of legal positivism cannot be presented as an effective alternative against legal arbitrariness. Finally, it will be claimed that the non-evaluative approach of inclusive positivism lead to non-interesting or irrelevant outcomes.

Tsallis’ maximum entropy ansatz leading to exact analytical time dependent wave packet solutions of a nonlinear Schrödinger equation Curilef, S.; Plastino, Ángel Ricardo; Plastino, Ángel Luis Tsallis maximum entropy distributions provide useful tools for the study of a wide range of scenarios in mathematics, physics, and other fields. Here we apply a Tsallis maximum entropy ansatz, the q-Gaussian, to obtain time dependent wave-packet solutions to a nonlinear Schrödinger equation recently advanced by Nobre, Rego-Monteiro and Tsallis (NRT) [F.D. Nobre, M.A. Rego-Monteiro, C. Tsallis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 (2011) 140601]. The NRT nonlinear equation admits plane wave-like solutions (q-plane waves) compatible with the celebrated de Broglie relations connecting wave number and frequency, respectively, with energy and momentum. The NRT equation, inspired in the q-generalized thermostatistical formalism, is characterized by a parameter q and in the limit q→1 reduces to the standard, linear Schrödinger equation. The q-Gaussian solutions to the NRT equation investigated here admit as a particular instance the previously known q-plane wave solutions. The present work thus extends the range of possible processes yielded by the NRT dynamics that admit an analytical, exact treatment. In the q→1 limit the q-Gaussian solutions correspond to the Gaussian wave packet solutions to the free particle linear Schrödinger equation. In the present work we also show that there are other families of nonlinear Schrödinger-like equations, besides the NRT one, exhibiting a dynamics compatible with the de Broglie relations. Remarkably, however, the existence of time dependent Gaussian-like wave packet solutions is a unique feature of the NRT equation not shared by the aforementioned, more general, families of nonlinear evolution equations.

On the enigmatic Heterostomus curvipalpis Bigot, 1857, with a description of the pupa (Diptera, Brachycera) Coscarón, Sixto; Coscarón, María del Carmen; Gil Azevedo, Leonardo H. The previously unknown pupa of Heterostomus curvipalpis Bigot is described. The morphology of the pupa of Heterostomus is compared with the pupae of Xylophagomorpha, Tabanomorpha and Stratiomyomorpha families, based on five characters, and its phylogenetic position is discussed. Currently placed in Xylophagidae, we conclude that the pupa of Heterostomus shares most characters with the pupae of Pelecorhynchidae.

Tomato second cycle hybrids differ from parents at three levels of genetic variation Liberatti, David Rodolfo; Rodríguez, Gustavo Rubén; Zorzoli, Roxana; Pratta, Guillermo Raúl

Investigation of residual hepatitis C virus in presumed recovered subjects Fujiwara, Kei; Allison, Robert. D.; Wang, Richard Y.; Baré, Patricia; Matsuura, Kentaro; Schechterly, Cathy; Murthy, Krishna; Marincola, Francesco M.; Alter, Harvey J. Recent studies have found hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the majority of presumed recovered subjects. We investigated this unexpected finding using samples from patients whose HCV RNA and anti-HCV status had been serially confirmed. HCV RNA was detected in PBMCs from 66/67 chronic HCV carriers. Subpopulation analysis revealed that the viral load (log copies/10(6) cells) in B cells (4.14 ± 0.71) was higher than in total PBMCs (3.62 ± 0.71, p<0.05), T cells (1.67 ± 0.88, p<0.05), and non-B/T cells (2.48 ± 1.15, p<0.05). HCV negative-strand RNA was not detected in PBMCs from any of 25 chronically infected patients. No residual viral RNA was detected in total PBMCs or plasma of 59 presumed recovered subjects (11 spontaneous, 48 treatment-induced) using nested real-time PCR with a detection limit of 2 copies/µg RNA (from ∼1x10(6) cells). PBMCs from two healthy HCV-negative blood donors became HCV RNA positive, with B-cell predominance, when mixed in vitro with HCV RNA positive plasma, thus passively mimicking cells from chronic HCV carriers. No residual HCV was detected in liver or other tissues from two spontaneously recovered chimpanzees. Conclusion: 1) HCV RNA was detected in PBMCs of most chronic HCV carriers and was predominant in the B cell subpopulation; 2) HCV detected in PBMCs was in a non-replicative form; 3) HCV passively adsorbed to PBMCs of healthy controls in vitro becoming indistinguishable from PBMCs of chronic HCV carriers; 4) Residual HCV was not detected in the plasma or PBMCs of any spontaneous or treatment recovered subjects or in chimpanzee liver suggesting that the classic pattern of recovery from HCV infection is generally equivalent to viral eradication.

Allele identification for transcriptome-based population genomics in the invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis Dlugosch, Katrina M.; Lai, Zhao; Bonin, Auélie; Hierro, Jose Luis; Rieseberg, Loren H. Transcriptome sequences are becoming more broadly available for multiple individuals of the same species, providing opportunities to derive population genomic information from these datasets. Using the 454 Life Science Genome Sequencer FLX and FLX-Titanium next-generation platforms, we generated 11−430 Mbp of sequence for normalized cDNA for 40 wild genotypes of the invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis, yellow starthistle, from across its worldwide distribution. We examined the impact of sequencing effort on transcriptome recovery and overlap among individuals. To do this, we developed two novel publicly available software pipelines: SnoWhite for read cleaning before assembly, and AllelePipe for clustering of loci and allele identification in assembled datasets with or without a reference genome. AllelePipe is designed specifically for cases in which read depth information is not appropriate or available to assist with disentangling closely related paralogs from allelic variation, as in transcriptome or previously assembled libraries. We find that modest applications of sequencing effort recover most of the novel sequences present in the transcriptome of this species, including single-copy loci and a representative distribution of functional groups. In contrast, the coverage of variable sites, observation of heterozygosity, and overlap among different libraries are all highly dependent on sequencing effort. Nevertheless, the information gained from overlapping regions was informative regarding coarse population structure and variation across our small number of population samples, providing the first genetic evidence in support of hypothesized invasion scenarios.

Spin-spin correlations between two Kondo impurities coupled to an open Hubbard chain Tiegel, A. C.; Dargel, P. E.; Hallberg, Karen Astrid; Frahm, H.; Pruschke, T. In order to study the interplay between Kondo and Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction, we calculate the spin-spin correlation functions between two Kondo impurities coupled to different sites of a half-filled open Hubbard chain. Using the density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG), we reexamine the exponents for the power-law decay of the correlation function between the two impurity spins as a function of the antiferromagnetic coupling J , the Hubbard interaction U , and the distance R between the impurities. The exponents for finite systems obtained in this work deviate from previously published DMRG calculations. We furthermore show that the long-distance behavior of the exponents is the same for impurities coupled to the bulk or to both ends of the chain. We note that a universal exponent for the asymptotic behavior can not be extracted from these finite-size systems with open boundary conditions.

Perfil nutricional y dializabilidad de minerales de alimentos de interés social Galan, Maria Gimena; González, Rolando J.; Drago, Silvina Rosa Introducción: evaluar la composición, digestibilidad proteica (DP) y bioaccesibilidad de Fe, Zn y Ca (antes y luego de la cocción) de Alimentos de Interés Social (AIS). Material y Métodos: se analizaron 4 AIS. La composición se determinó según AOAC (2000). La bioaccesibilidad de minerales se estimó a través del porcentaje del mineral dializado, luego de un proceso de digestión que simula los procesos gastrointestinales. El aporte potencial (AP) de minerales se estableció como el producto de su concentración y dializabilidad. La DP se determinó por digestión enzimática y midiendo el incremento del nitrógeno no proteico. Resultados: la composición de AIS fue la siguiente: proteínas: 11,53-24,67g/100g; grasa: 4,31–8,46g/100g; cenizas: 2,95–3,66g/100g; fibra dietaria: 0,6–4g/100g; carbohidratos: 49,38–60,37g/100g; energía: 366,05–389,38Kcal/100g; Fe: 28,91-60,41mg/Kg; Zn: 5,99–33,08mg/Kg; Ca: 1127,69-417,39mg/Kg; Na: 2517,21–13217,50mg/Kg. La DP estuvo en un rango de 58–92%. Los alimentos cocidos presentaron una bioaccesibilidad de Fe y Zn menor que los alimentos crudos, lo cual puede atribuirse, en el caso del Fe, a la pérdida de ácido ascórbico que se produce durante la cocción, y para el Zn a interacciones con oros componentes de la matriz alimentaria que dificultan su liberación durante los procesos digestivos. Según su AP, los AIS cubrirían entre un 10–26% los requerimientos de Fe, 6-8% de los requerimientos de Ca y 2–34% de los requerimientos de Zn. Conclusiones: los AIS, poseen un buen balance nutricional. La disponibilidad de minerales de los AIS fue muy buena y se redujo ligeramente al ser cocidos; Introduction: the aims were to assess the composition, protein digestibility (PD) and bioaccesibility of Fe, Zn and Ca (before and after cooking) of Social Foods (SF). Material and Methods: four SF were analyzed. The composition was determined according to AOAC (2000). Mineral bioaccesibility was estimated by the percentage of dialysated mineral after a digestion process that simulates gastrointestinal processes. Potential contribution (PC) of each mineral was established as the product of its concentration and dialyzability. The PD was determined by enzymatic digestion by measuring the increase of non-protein nitrogen. Results: the SF composition was as follows: proteins: 11.53-24.67g/100g; fat: 4.31-8.46g/100g; ash: 2.95-3.66g/100g; dietary fiber: 0.6-4g/100g; carbohydrates: 49.38-60.37g/100g; energy: 366.05-389.38Kcal/100g; Fe: 28.91-60.41mg/kg; Zn: 5.99-33.08mg/Kg; Ca: 1127.69-417.39mg/kg; Na: 2517.21-13217.50mg/Kg. The PD ranged from 58 to 92%. Cooked foods presented a Fe and Zn bioaccesibility lesser than raw foods, which can be attributed in the case of Fe to the loss of ascorbic acid occurring during cooking process, and for Zn to the interaction of Zn with food matrix components that hinder its release during the digestive process. According to PC, the FSI cover between 10-26%, 6-8% and 2-34% of Fe, Ca and Zn requirements, respectively. Conclusions: Social Foods have a good nutritional balance. Mineral bioaccesibility was very good and was reduced slightly by cooking.

Immunopathology of Brucella infection Baldi, Pablo Cesar; Giambartolomei, Guillermo Hernan In spite of the protean nature of the disease, inflammation is a hallmark of brucellosis and affected tissues usually exhibit inflammatory infiltrates. As Brucella lacks exotoxins, exoproteases or cytolysins, pathological findings in brucellosis probably arise from inflammation-driven processes. The cellular and molecular bases of immunopathological phenomena probably involved in Brucella pathogenesis have been unraveled in the last few years. Brucella-infected osteoblasts, either alone or in synergy with infected macrophages, produce cytokines, chemokines and matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs), and similar phenomena are mounted by fibroblast-like synoviocytes. The released cytokines promote the secretion of MMPs and induce osteoclastogenesis. Altogether, these phenomena may contribute to the bone loss and cartilage degradation usually observed in brucellar arthritis and osteomyelitis. Proinflammatory cytokines may be also involved in the pathogenesis of neurobrucellosis. B. abortus and its lipoproteins elicit an inflammatory response in the CNS of mice, leading to astrogliosis, a characteristic feature of neurobrucellosis. Heat-killed bacteria (HKBA) and the L-Omp19 lipoprotein elicit astrocyte apoptosis and proliferation (two features of astrogliosis), and apoptosis depends on TNF-α signaling. Brucella also infects and replicates in human endothelial cells, inducing the production of chemokines and IL-6, and an increased expression of adhesion molecules. The sustained inflammatory process derived from the longlasting infection of the endothelium may be important for the development of endocarditis. Therefore, while Brucella induces a low grade inflammation as compared to other pathogens, its prolonged intracellular persistence in infected tissues supports a long-lasting inflammatory response that mediates different pathways of tissue damage. In this context, approaches to avoid the invasion of host cells or limit the intracellular survival of the bacterium may be suitable to prevent the pathological consequences of Brucella infections. The article presents some of the recent patents related to such approaches.