Cuestionario de reserva cognitiva: Análisis psicométrico desde la teoría de respuesta al ítem; Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire: Psychometric analysis from the item response theory Martino, Pablo Luis; Caycho Rodríguez, Tomás; Valencia, Pablo D.; Politis, Daniel Gustavo; Gallegos, Miguel; de Bortoli, Miguel Angel; Cervigni, Mauricio Alejandro Introducción. La reserva cognitiva es la capacidad para tolerar mejor el daño cerebral mediante recursos cognitivos preexistentesy compensatorios. Un método de evaluación es el cuestionario de reserva cognitiva (CRC) de Rami. El objetivofue realizar un análisis de la calidad informativa del CRC desde la teoría de respuesta al ítem (TRI), con el fin de aportardatos más precisos sobre la fiabilidad de consistencia interna. Se probó, además, la validez convergente con medidas deatención, memoria de trabajo y fluidez.Sujetos y métodos. Participaron 210 argentinos de población general (media edad, 66,8 años). El CRC se administró juntocon el test de dígitos y tres tareas de fluidez. Se ajustó un modelo de respuesta graduada desde la TRI con estimaciónde parámetros de discriminación (a) y dificultad (b), y se elaboró una curva de información del CRC. Se efectuaron correlacionesbivariadas y parciales.Resultados. La TRI indicó una alta discriminación para los ítems del CRC ‘Escolaridad’ y ‘Nivel de ocupación’ (tanto para laversión de ocho ítems como para la versión de seis ítems). En el CRC de ocho ítems se obtuvo una baja discriminación para‘Formación musical’ y ‘Juegos intelectuales’. En ambas versiones del CRC, la curva indica mayor valor informacional abajo nivel del constructo. Hubo correlación con el test de dígitos y con las tareas de fluidez, incluso al controlar por edad.Conclusiones. El presente estudio es el primer análisis del CRC desde la TRI, que concluye que el instrumento resulta másconfiable cuando se aplica a sujetos con menor reserva. El CRC posee aceptable validez convergente.; Introduction. Cognitive reserve is the ability to better tolerate brain damage through pre-existing and compensatory cognitive resources. One assessment method is the Rami CRQ-Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire. The objective was to carry out an analysis of the informative quality of the CRQ from the item response theory (IRT), in order to provide more precise data on the reliability of internal consistency. Convergent validity was also tested with measures of attention, working memory, and fluency. Subjects and methods. 210 Argentines from the general population (mean age, 66.8 years) participated. The CRQ was administered together with the digits test and three fluency tasks. A graded response model was fitted from IRT with estimation of discrimination parameters (a) and difficulty (b), and a CRQ information curve was created. Bivariate and partial correlations were made. Results. The IRT indicated high discrimination for the CRQ items 'Education' and 'Occupation level' (both for the 8-item version and the 6-item version). In the CRQ of 8 items, low discrimination was obtained for 'Musical training' and 'Intellectual games'. In both versions of the CRQ, the curve indicates greater informational value at a low level of the construct. There was a correlation with the digits test and with fluency tasks, even when controlling for age. Conclusions. This study is the first analysis of CRQ from IRT, concluding that the instrument is more reliable when applied to subjects with less reserve. The CRQ has acceptable convergent validity.

Hacer la verdad del mundo: El universo y el símbolo en El sacrificio de Tarkovski; Per la veritat del món: L'univers i el símbol en "El sacrifici" de Tarkovski; Make the truth of the world:The universe and the symbol in The Sacrifice of Tarkovsky Dipaola, Esteban Marcos El artículo propone pensar la dimensión de la verdad, el sacrificio y el milagro, atendiendo a su dimensión ontológica, es decir, la definición de la experiencia de mundo-verdadero. Comprende un análisis de la obra cinematográfica de Andréi Tarkovski El sacrificio, tomando como marco de referencias teóricas la hermenéutica de Hans-Georg Gadamer. Considerando la operación de la verdad en la palabra y los enfoques relativos a la experiencia estética como ejercicio de justificación de lo verdadero en el arte, observa-dos en la obra del filósofo, en este artículo se interrogan planos superpuestos de la película del cineasta para interpretar puntos de vista acerca de lo verdadero en las imágenes.; L’article proposa pensar la dimensió de la veritat, el sacrifici i el miracle, atenent la seva dimensió ontològica, és a dir, la definició de l’experiència del món veritable. Comprèn una anàlisi de l’obra cinematogràfica d’Andrei Tarkovski El sacrifici, prenent com a marc de referències teòriques l’hermenèutica de Hans-Georg Gadamer. Considerant l’operació de la veritat en la paraula i els enfocaments relatius a l’experiència estètica com a exercici de justificació del que és veritable en l’art, observats en l’obra del filòsof, en aquest article s’interroguen plànols superposats de la pel·lícula del cineasta per interpretar punts de vista sobre el que és veritable en les imatges.; : This article considers the dimension of truth, sacrifice and miracle, taking into account the ontological dimension, that is, the definition of the experience of the true world. It includes an analysis of Andrei Tarkovsky’s film The Sacrifice, taking Hans-Georg Gadamer’s hermeneutics as a framework of theoretical reference. Considering the function of truth in words and approaches related to the aesthetic experience as an exercise of justification of what is true in art, observed in the work of the philosopher, superimposed shots from the filmmaker’s work are examined to interpret points of view about the truth in these images.

A dynamic analysis of wine pricing in Argentina Larrosa, Juan Manuel Ceferino; Gutierrez, Emiliano Martin; Ramírez Muñoz de Toro, Gonzalo Román; Uriarte, Juan Ignacio Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate micro determinants for dynamic wine pricing in Argentina. We test whether attributes and time affect the price rate of change. The rate of change is selected given the inflationary context of the country. The analysis provides valuable information for wine marketing decisions. Design/methodology/approach: The modeling approach relies on panel data analysis for exploiting the data cross-section and time dimension. The contribution explores a massive price dataset at a weekly frequency. The dependent variable is the weekly price variation rate for product/wine and covariates are attributes, time and nominal variables. Given that endogeneity issues arose, the estimations rely on a two-stage least squares and instrumental variables with cluster-robust errors. Findings: Estimations show that attributes, time and cost variables are statistically significant, with clear seasonal patterns and quality segmentation affecting pricing: wines made out of specific grapes such as Chenin, Merlot and Seedling or composing a broad category such as red wine, exhibit price undershooting (price rate of change below average). On the other hand, wines out of grapes such as Bonarda, Margaux, Mistela, Moscatel, Oporto, Tannat and Sauvignon Blanc show price overshooting (rate of change above average). In summary, wine made from determined grapes and specific wineries show divergent pricing. Research limitations/implications: Covariates such as alcohol content, label descriptor information, winery history, substitute competition and vintage, among others, have not been considered given that the research analyzes more than 750 wine products. Another limitation is that the work does not explore many time-series covariates, such as promotions and idiosyncratic shocks. Practical implications: The contribution presents new information on wine pricing patterns affected by weeks, months and years, including the effect of the prolonged 2020 Argentine lockdown. It also analyzes estimations on pricing at the level of grape/blend and wineries previously unknown in this market. The information can influence inventory decisions on the side of the sellers and purchase decisions on the side of consumers. Social implications: The analysis includes fine but also low-cost wines that form part of the diet of low-income families in the country. The work detects a divergent pattern in pricing divided by the quality/price of the wine. It also presents information on price timing that may help consumers in the best moment to buy. Originality/value: The contribution analyzes unprecedented information on weekly wine prices and presents evidence of pricing tactics from a point-of-sale perspective: It identifies different adjustment speeds related to product features and time effects.

Del ímpetu revolucionario a la defensa de los derechos humanos: Trayectorias militantes entre Europa y el Cono Sur durante la Guerra Fría (1966-1990) Cristiá, Moira Inés; Camacho Padilla, Fernando En este artículo se estudia, a través de una serie de trayectorias, el pasaje de una amplia radicalización política en Europa y América Latina de mediados de los años sesenta a la defensa de los derechos humanos en los ochenta. Presentamos una reflexión sobre este fenómeno de jóvenes que cruzaron el Océano Atlántico en ambas direcciones desde la perspectiva de la historia conectada, con el objetivo de identificar cuáles fueron las motivaciones, las causas y el desarrollo de los valores e ideales por los que se guiaron. Se argumenta que, contrariamente a la tendencia mayoritaria, algunos latinoamericanos se politizaron en Europa antes de trasladarse al Cono Sur para colaborar con el proceso revolucionario que parecía estar en curso, mientras que diversos europeos se radicalizaron del otro lado del Atlántico. Ambos grupos debieron luego refugiarse en Europa para escapar de la represión. Con el devenir de los años, sus percepciones se transformaron, llegando incluso a distanciarse de sus posicionamientos de juventud. El artículo postula que este proceso de radicalización y reconversión militante no fue exclusivo de los actores latinoamericanos, sino que fue producto de los vaivenes del clima global en tiempos de Guerra Fría, así como de los propios procesos subjetivos de reflexión ideológica sufridos con el transcurso de los años.; This paper studies, through a series of trajectories, the passage from a broad political radicalization in Europe and Latin America in the middle of the 1960s to the defense of human rights in the 1980s. We reflect on this phenomenon of young people who crossed the Atlantic Ocean in both directions from the perspective of connected history, in order to discover which were the motivations, reasons and evolution of the values and ideas which guided them. Our hypothesis is that contrary to the major tendency of the cases, some Latin Americans became politicized in Europe before moving to the Southern Cone to collaborate with the revolutionary process that seemed underway, while various Europeans radicalized on the other side of the ocean. Later, both groups sought refuge in Europe escaping from repression. When years passed, the subjective perceptions changed and several of these militants distanced themselves from their youth postulates. This article argues that this process of militant radicalization and reconversion was not exclusive to Latin American actors or scenarios, but rather was the product of the transformation of the global political climate during the Cold War but also by the ideological reflection in a personal level which came after time.

Environment affects starch composition and kernel hardness in temperate maize Martínez, Roberto Dionisio; Cirilo, Alfredo Gabriel; Cerrudo, Anibal Alejandro; Andrade, Fernando Héctor; Izquierdo, Natalia Gabriela BACKGROUND: Protein percentage and kernel weight affect the endosperm hardness of maize grains. However, changes in starch composition could also modify kernel hardness, which is often predicted through milling ratio. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between changes in starch composition and endosperm hardness, and to assess the effects of protein content and kernel weight on that relationship. For this, we used information obtained from three temperate hybrids in multi-environmental experiments, as well as experiments conducted under controlled conditions designed to modify starch composition. Milling ratio was determined as maize kernel hardness predictor in both experiments and it was correlated with grain weight and grain composition. RESULTS: In both experiments, milling ratio presented a significant Spearman correlation coefficient with amylose/starch ratio. Milling ratio was significantly related to the amylose/starch ratio using a simple fit with datasets from different experiments and hybrids. Increases in amylose/starch ratio were associated with increases in milling ratio. CONCLUSION: Starch composition was related to milling ratio variations among hybrids of different aptitude for dry milling through different environments, regardless of protein content. Thus, increases in the amylose/starch ratio were related to increases in the milling ratio.

Is the flight and foraging activity of small-size stingless bee affected by the urban heat island? The case of Plebeia catamarcensis (Meliponini) in Cordoba city (Argentina) Zeballos, Manuel; Calviño, Ana Alejandra; Zamudio, Fernando Urban heat island (UHI) effect is considered one of the major drivers of changes in insect behavior within cities. Here, we evaluated the flight and the nectar and pollen foraging activities of the southernmost stingless bee, Plebeia catamarcensis, along a land surface tem-perature gradient in central and peri-urban areas of the city of Cordoba (Argentina), as aproxy for the UHI effect. Flight and foraging activity were recorded in ten colonies locatedalong the temperature gradient in summer. We registered the bees activity in three time-bands (morning, midday and afternoon) through video recording. The temperature gradientwas obtained from Landsat 8 data in a buffer around each nest. Our results showed thatoverall flight activity as well as nectar foraging significantly increased with temperature.Pollen foraging, however, was significantly explained by time-bands with the highest activity concentrated in the morning, and independently of the temperature gradient. In addition, nectar and pollen foraging patterns were negatively associated. Whereas P. catamarcensis would take advantage of higher urban temperatures to forage nectar, the pollen foragingstrategy may hide an avoidance competition behavior sustained by the limited pollen availability compared with that of nectar. As a first attempt to address the UHI effect on a stingless bee, our results address the potential ability of the southermost P. catamarcensis populations to overcome the negative effects of urban warming observed for other bees.

Argumentation-based query answering under uncertainty with application to cybersecurity Leiva, Mario Alejandro; García, Alejandro Javier; Shakarian, Paulo; Simari, Gerardo Decision support tools are key components of intelligent sociotechnical systems, and their successful implementation faces a variety of challenges, including the multiplicity of information sources, heterogeneous format, and constant changes. Handling such challenges requires the ability to analyze and process inconsistent and incomplete information with varying degrees of associated uncertainty. Moreover, some domains require the system’s outputs to be explainable and interpretable; an example of this is cyberthreat analysis (CTA) in cybersecurity domains. In this paper, we first present the P-DAQAP system, an extension of a recently developed query-answering platform based on defeasible logic programming (DeLP) that incorporates a probabilistic model and focuses on delivering these capabilities. After discussing the details of its design and implementation, and describing how it can be applied in a CTA use case, we report on the results of an empirical evaluation designed to explore the effectiveness and efficiency of a possible world sampling-based approximate query answering approach that addresses the intractability of exact computations.

Interactions between the Nicotinic and Endocannabinoid Receptors at the Plasma Membrane Valles, Ana Sofia; Barrantes, Francisco Jose Compartmentalization, together with transbilayer and lateral asymmetries, provide the structural foundation for functional specializations at the cell surface, including the active role of the lipid microenvironment in the modulation of membrane-bound proteins. The chemical synapse, the site where neurotransmitter-coded signals are decoded by neurotransmitter receptors, adds another layer of complexity to the plasma membrane architectural intricacy, mainly due to the need to accommodate a sizeable number of molecules in a minute subcellular compartment with dimensions barely reaching the micrometer. In this review, we discuss how nature has developed suitable adjustments to accommodate different types of membrane-bound receptors and scaffolding proteins via membrane microdomains, and how this ?effort-sharing? mechanism has evolved to optimize crosstalk, separation, or coupling, where/when appropriate. We focus on a fast ligand-gated neurotransmitter receptor, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and a second-messenger G-protein coupled receptor, the cannabinoid receptor, as a paradigmatic example.

Cámaras empresariales y asociaciones comerciales de agentes privados en el Área Metropolitana de Córdoba (2018) Archivo ESRI Shape multipuntos que registra la ubicación de los edificios registrados como sedes de cámaras empresariales y asociaciones comerciales de agentes privados en el Área Metropolitana de Córdoba, de acuerdo a un relevamiento realizado en 2018 sobre datos de Google Maps. Los datos sólo registran ubicación, no razón social y/o personería jurídica.

Señales electromiográficas tomadas del antebrazo de personas sanas durante la ejecución de movimientos de la mano El set de datos cuenta con señales EMG recolectadas en una persona sana con electrodos ubicados en el antebrazo. Los gestos motores que se realizaron fueron: abrir y cerrar la mano, abducción y adducción de la muñeca, flexión y extensión de la muñeca y descanso.

Especímenes botánicos recolectados 2019-2022 Colecciones Botánicas realizadas por Esteban I. Meza Torres, con diversos acompañantes desde 2019 a 2022. Las localidades recolectadas pertenecen a las provincias de Corrientes y Misiones

Reimagine fire science for the anthropocene Shuman, Jacquelyn K.; Balch, Jennifer K.; Barnes, Rebecca T.; Higuera, Philip E.; Roos, Christopher I.; Schwilk, Dylan W.; Stavros, E. Natasha; Banerjee, Tirtha; Bela, Megan M.; Bendix, Jacob; Bertolino, Sandro; Bililign, Solomon; Bladon, Kevin D.; Brando, Paulo; Breidenthal, Robert E.; Buma, Brian; Calhoun, Donna; Carvalho, Leila M. V.; Cattau, Megan E.; Cawley, Kaelin M.; Chandra, Sudeep; Chipman, Melissa L.; Cobian Iñiguez, Jeanette; Conlisk, Erin; Coop, Jonathan D.; Cullen, Alison; Davis, Kimberley T.; Dayalu, Archana; Santos, Fernanda Mariel; Scordo, Facundo Fire is an integral component of ecosystems globally and a tool that humans have harnessed for millennia. Altered fire regimes are a fundamental cause and consequence of global change, impacting people and the biophysical systems on which they depend. As part of the newly emerging Anthropocene, marked by human-caused climate change and radical changes to ecosystems, fire danger is increasing, and fires are having increasingly devastating impacts on human health, infrastructure, and ecosystem services. Increasing fire danger is a vexing problem that requires deep transdisciplinary, trans-sector, and inclusive partnerships to address. Here, we outline barriers and opportunities in the next generation of fire science and provide guidance for investment in future research. We synthesize insights needed to better address the long-standing challenges of innovation across disciplines to (i) promote coordinated research efforts; (ii) embrace different ways of knowing and knowledge generation; (iii) promote exploration of fundamental science; (iv) capitalize on the “firehose” of data for societal benefit; and (v) integrate human and natural systems into models across multiple scales. Fire science is thus at a critical transitional moment. We need to shift from observation and modeled representations of varying components of climate, people, vegetation, and fire to more integrative and predictive approaches that support pathways toward mitigating and adapting to our increasingly flammable world, including the utilization of fire for human safety and benefit. Only through overcoming institutional silos and accessing knowledge across diverse communities can we effectively undertake research that improves outcomes in our more fiery future.

A setenta de años de las investigaciones de Oswald Menghin y Marcelo Bormida en las cuevas de Tandilia: El comienzo del espejismo; Seventy years after the investigations of Oswald Menghin and Marcelo Bórmida in the caves of Tandilia: The beginning of the mirage; Setenta anos depois das investigações de Oswald Menghin e Marcelo Bórmida nas cavernas de Tandilia: O início da miragem Politis, Gustavo Gabriel En 1950, Oswald Menghin y Marcelo Bórmida publican en la revista Runalos resultados de sus primeras investigaciones en la región pampeana, en la Gruta del Oro en el sistema serrano de Tandilia. En base a muy pocos artefactos líticos y haciendo correlaciones paleoclímaticas a larga distancia propusieron para la región la existencia hacia el 5000 a. C. de un complejo cultural epiproto-lítco de cazadores inferiores al que llamaron Tandilense. Este trabajo dio origen a toda una serie de investigaciones arqueológicas en la región fuertemente alineadas con el paradigma histórico-cultural austro alemán. El artículo fue la piedra basal de una corriente teórica que dominaría la Arqueología pampeana durante los siguientes treinta años. En este ensayo se resumen y discuten los hallazgos y las interpretaciones de Menghin y Bórmida sobre los materiales de la Gruta del Oro y se analiza el contexto teórico y político para explicar por qué, el modelo propuesto por Menghin y Bórmida fue dominante hasta la década de 1980.; In 1950, Oswald Menghin and Marcelo Bórmida published the results of their first investigations in the Pampean region, in the Gruta del Oro in the hill system of Tandilia in the journal Runa. Based on very few lithic artifacts and making long-distance paleoclimate correlations, they proposed the existence at around 5000 BC of an epiprotolithic cultural complex of inferior hunters which they called Tandilense. This article gave rise to a whole series of archaeological investigations in the region strongly aligned with the Austro-German historical-cultural paradigm. The article was the foundation stone of a theoretical current that would dominate Pampean Archaeology for the next thirty years. This essay summarizes and discusses the findings and interpretations of Menghin and Bórmida on the materials of the Gruta del Oro and analyzes the theoretical and political context to explain why the model proposed by Menghin and Bórmida was dominant until the 1980s.; Em 1950, Oswald Menghin e Marcelo Bórmida publicam na revista Runa os resultados das suas primeiras pesquisas na região dos Pampas, referentes à Gruta del Oro do sistema serrano de Tandilia. Com base em poucos artefatos líticos e estabelecendo correlações paleoclimáticas a longa distância, propuseram que, ao redor dos 5000 a. C., existia na região um complexo cultural epiprotolítco de caçadores inferiores o qual chamaram de Tandilense. Esse trabalho originou uma série de pesquisas arqueológicas na região fortemente alinhadas ao paradigma histórico-cultural austro-alemão. O artigo foi a pedra angular de uma corrente teórica que dominou a arqueologia dos Pampas durante os seguintes trinta anos. Neste ensaio se resumem e se discutem as evidências e as interpretações de Menghin e Bórmida sobre a Gruta del Oro e analisa-se os contextos teórico e político para explicar por que o modelo proposto por estes autores foi dominante até a década de 1980.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumors from heavy alcohol consumers are associated with higher levels of TLR9 and a particular immunophenotype: Impact on patient survival Bolesina, Nicolás Jorge; Gatti, Gerardo Alberto; López de Blanc, Silvia; Dhooge, Sabrina; Rocha, Darío Gastón; Fernandez, Elmer Andres; Ferreyra, Ruth Salome; Palla, Vanesa; Grupe, Verónica Maria; Morelatto, Rosana Andrea; Maccioni, Mariana Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most frequent types of oral cancer in developing countries and its burden correlates with exposure to tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are major sensors of inflammatory stimuli, from both microbial and sterile causes and as such, they have been related to tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we evaluated the expression of TLR2, 4 and 9 as well as CD3+, CD8+ and Granzyme B+ cell infiltration by immunohistochemistry in oral samples of 30 patients with OSCC, classified according to their consumption of alcohol. Our findings indicate that there is a significant association between heavy alcohol consumption and tumors with higher expression levels of TLR9. Moreover, patients with TLR9high tumors, as well as those who indicated high consumption of alcohol exhibited a diminished overall survival. TCGA data analysis indicated that TLR9high tumors express a significant increase in some genes related with the oral cavity itself, inflammation and tumor promotion. Our analysis of tumor infiltrating leukocytes demonstrated that the major differences perceived in heavy alcohol consumers was the location of CD8+ T cells infiltrating the tumor, which showed lower numbers intratumorally. Our data suggest the existence of a pathogenic loop that involves alcohol consumption, high TLR9 expression and the immunophenotype, which might have a profound impact on the progression of the disease.

Polymersomes as nanocarriers of vitamin D3: morphological and in vitro characterization Besada, Lucas Nahuel; Hermet, Melisa; Bakas, Laura Susana; Cortizo, Ana María; Cortizo, Maria Susana Vitamin D exerts pleiotropic effects in the body, mainly in the mineral homeostasis as well as extra-skeletal actions. Deficiency of vitamin D is very frequent and its supplementation might be needed. In this work, a novel nanocarrier for vitamin D3 based on polymersomes is developed. The polymersomes were prepared by self-assembly of previously synthesized triblock copolymer including vitamin D3 or oil red, as model drug, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS), and its stability and entrapment efficiency were analyzed. The incorporation of the drugs produces an increase in the average size with a monomodal distribution of this, with high stability and entrapment efficiency. Vitamin D3 encapsulated in the polymersomes does not promote modifications at the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interface level as was shown by generalized polarization (GP) studies. In addition, cytotoxicity and biocompatibility studies using murine macrophage RAW 264.7 and bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) show good biocompatibility without evidence of cytotoxicity under our tested conditions. Thus, the novel designed nanocarriers could be promising as delivery system for vitamin D3.

Natural cortisol production is not linked to the sexual fate of European sea bass Goikoetxea, Alexander; Servili, Arianna; Houdelet, Camille; Mouchel, Olivier; Hermet, Sophie; Clota, Fréderic; Aerts, Johan; Fernandino, Juan Ignacio; Allal, François; Vandeputte, Marc; Blondeau-Bidet, Eva; Geffroy, Benjamin In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between cortisol and the determination of sexual fate in the commercially important European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). To test our hypothesis, we designed two temperature-based experiments (19 ℃, 21 ℃ and 23 ℃, experiment 1; 16 ℃ and 21 ℃, experiment 2) to assess the effects of these thermal treatments on European sea bass sex determination and differentiation. In the fish from the first experiment, we evaluated whether blood cortisol levels and expression of stress key regulatory genes were different between differentiating (149 to 183 dph) males and females. In the second experiment, we assessed whether cortisol accumulated in scales over time during the labile period for sex determination as well as the neuroanatomical localisation of brain cells expressing brain aromatase (cyp19a1b) and corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) differed between males and females undergoing molecular sex differentiation (117 to 124 dph). None of the gathered results allowed to detect differences between males and females regarding cortisol production and regulatory mechanisms. Altogether, our data provide strong physiological, molecular and histochemical evidence, indicating that in vivo cortisol regulation has no major effects on the sex of European sea bass.

Incivilidad y violencia de género en la participación digital ante un posteo feminista; Incivility and Gender Violence in the Digital Reaction towards a Feminist Post; Incivilidade e violência de gênero na participação digital face a uma postagem feminista Tarullo, Maria Raquel; Frezzotti, Yanina Aunque la conversación cívica es fundamental para fortalecer la democracia, y a pesar del crecimiento de las redes sociodigitales como fuentes de noticias, todavía es poco estudiada en Latinoamérica la intervención ciudadana en las páginas digitales de medios periodísticos. Por ello, desde el enfoque teórico de la participación política en línea, este artículo analiza el comportamiento digital de la comunidad usuaria de redes socio-digitales frente a una noticia con contenido feminista publicada por un medio de prensa regional en su cuenta oficial de Facebook. Para ello se aplicó una combinación de metodologías cuantitativa y cualitativa en diferentes etapas que releva y analiza las reacciones y los comentarios compartidos de manera pública frente a un posteo originado por el Día de la Mujer. Los resultados obtenidos ponen en evidencia que las opiniones negativas y las críticas son siempre preponderantes, pero, además, van creciendo con el transcurrir del tiempo. Asimismo, mientras las participaciones son mayoritariamente femeninas en un primer momento, luego los perfiles identificados como masculinos terminan por dominar la conversación. Con esto, los comentarios se van tornando cada vez más inciviles, hasta convertirse en claros ejemplos de violencia de género y mensajes de odio. De hecho, la identificación pública de los perfiles no parece mitigar el nivel de agresión en las intervenciones. Se concluye que es necesario profundizar en el debate sobre la regulación de los mensajes digitales incitadores de violencia para evitar cámaras de eco y espirales de silencio que potencien la polarización social.; Although the civil conversation is fundamental for strengthening democracy, and despite the growth of the socio-digital networks as news sources, the citizen’s intervention in digital pages of news organizations hasn’t been fully studied yet in Latin-America. For that, from a theoretical point of view of the online political participation, this article analyzes the digital behavior of the online communities from sociodigital networks towards news published by a regional media company from its official Facebook page. For that, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies was used in different stages in order to reveal and analyze the reactions ad comments shared publicly about a post originated from Women’s Day. The results obtained make evident that negative opinions and criticisms are always preponderant but, furthermore, they grow on time. Likewise, while the participations are predominantly from women initially, then profiles identified as male end up dominating the conversation. With this, comments start becoming uncivil and end up becoming examples of gender violence and hate messages. In fact, the public identification of the profiles doesn’t seem to mitigate the level pf aggression of these interventions. The research concluded that this debate needs deeper studies on the regulation of messages inviting to violence to avoid echo chambers and silence spirals that might potentiate de social polarization.; Embora a conversação cívica seja essencial para o fortalecimento da democracia, e apesar do crescimento das redes sociais como fontes de notícias, a intervenção do cidadão nas páginas digitais dos meios de comunicação ainda é pouco estudada na América Latina. Por isso, a partir da abordagem teórica da participação política online, este artigo analisa o comportamento digital da comunidade de usuárias de redes sociais diante de uma notícia de conteúdo feminista publicada por uma imprensa regional em sua conta oficial no Facebook. Para isso, foi aplicada uma combinação de metodologias quantitativas e qualitativas em diferentes etapas que revela e analisa as reações e comentários compartilhados publicamente diante de uma postagem originada pelo Dia da Mulher. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as opiniões negativas e críticas são sempre predominantes, além disso, cresce com o passar do tempo. Da mesma forma, embora as participações sejam predominantemente femininas no início, os perfis identificados como masculinos acabam dominando a conversa. Com isso, os comentários tornam-se cada vez mais rudes, até se tornarem exemplos claros de violência de gênero e mensagens de ódio. Na verdade, a identificação pública dos perfis não parece mitigar o nível de agressividade nas intervenções. Concluindo, fica claro que é necessário aprofundar o debate sobre a regulamentação das mensagens digitais que incitam a violência para evitar câmaras de eco e espirais de silêncio que potencializam a polarização social.

Objetos emocionales y sentidos del amor maternal: experiencias de mujeres pobres en Buenos Aires, 1940-1950; Emotional Objects and meanings of Maternal Love: Experiences of Poor Women in Buenos Aires, 1940-1950; Objetos emocionais e significados do amor materno: experiências de mulheres pobres em Buenos Aires, 1940-1950 Pérez, Inés En este artículo se abordan las experiencias del amor maternal de mujeres que, por sus condiciones materiales de vida, decidieron internar a sus hijos en hogares de niños. Se analizan cartas conservadas en los legajos de sus hijos confeccionados por diferentes instituciones de menores en la ciudad y la provincia de Buenos Aires entre fines de la década de 1940 y mediados de la de 1950. El artículo se centra en el valor emocional de los objetos que las madres les enviaban a los niños, a partir de los que se identifican dos sentidos del amor hacia los hijos: como responsabilidad material y como co-presencia.; This article addresses the experiences of maternal love of women who decided to institutionalize their children due to their material living conditions. It also focuses its analysis on the emotional value of objects mothers send to their children, identifying two senses of maternal love: material responsibility and co-presence. The basis of this article is the letters preserved in the children’s files opened by different institutions in the city and province of Buenos Aires between the late 1940s and mid-1950s.; Neste artigo abordam-se as experiências de amor materno de mulheres que, devido às suas condições materiais de vida, decidiram colocar seus filhos em lares de crianças. Analisam-se cartas preservadas nos arquivos de seus filhos, organizados por diferentes instituções de menores na cidade e na província de Buenos Aires entre o final da década de 1940 e meados da década de 1950. O trabalho enfoca o valor emocional dos objetos que as mães enviavam às crianças, a partir dos quais identificam-se dois significados do amor pelos filhos: como responsabilidade material e como copresença.

Highly collimated microquasar jets as efficient cosmic-ray sources Escobar, Gastón Javier; Pellizza González, Leonardo Javier; Romero, Gustavo Esteban Context. Supernova remnants (SNRs) are currently believed to be the main sites of origin for Galactic cosmic rays. This scenario, however, fails to explain some of the features observed in the cosmic-ray spectrum. Microquasars have been proposed as additional candidates, as their non-thermal emission indicates the existence of efficient particle acceleration mechanisms in their jets. Only a few initial attempts have been made so far to quantify the contribution of microquasars to the Galactic cosmic-ray population. A promising scenario envisages the production of relativistic neutrons in the jets that decay outside the system, injecting relativistic protons to the surroundings. The first investigations of this scenario suggest that microquasars might stand as a fair alternative to cosmic-ray sources. Aims. We aim to assess the role played by the degree of collimation of the jet on the cosmic-ray energetics in the neutron-carrier scenario, as well as the location and size of the emission region and the interactions of protons with photon fields. Our goal is to explain the Galactic component of the observed proton cosmic-ray spectrum at energies higher than 10 GeV and to relate the aforementioned jet properties with the power and spectral index of the produced cosmic rays. Methods. Here, we improve upon previous analytical models of relativistic particle transport in microquasar jets by including prescriptions for the jet geometry and convection within it. We introduced the neutron component through catastrophic terms that couple the proton and neutron transport equations, then we computed the escape and decay of these neutrons. Finally, we followed the propagation of the decay products and obtained the proton cosmic-ray spectrum once the particles reached the interstellar medium. Results. We find that collimated jets, with compact acceleration regions close to the jet base, are very efficient sources that could deliver a fraction of up to 0.01 of their relativistic proton luminosity into cosmic rays. Collimation is the most significant feature regarding efficiency: a well-collimated jet might be four orders of magnitude more efficient than a poorly collimated one. These sources produce a steep spectral index of 2.3 at energies up to 10 TeV. Conclusions. Single microquasars may rival SNRs with respect to the power injected to the interstellar medium through cosmic rays. The main advantage of the former is the production of a steeper spectrum than the latter that is closer to what has been observed. The predictions of our model may be used to infer the total contribution of the population of Galactic microquasars to the cosmic ray population and, therefore, to quantitatively assess their significance as cosmic-ray sources.

Polysaccharide extracts from mycelia of Ganoderma australe: effect on dendritic cell immunomodulation and antioxidant activity Gallo, Ana Laura; Soler, María Florencia; Pellizas, Claudia Gabriela; Vélez, María Laura Many fungi have inner-polysaccharides (IPS) that can modulate the immune response and/or have antioxidant activity. Ganoderma australe, a species from Patagonia, is a likely candidate to produce bioactive IPS. Our aims were to assess the ability of its IPS to induce maturation and activation of dendritic cells (DCs), to determine their antioxidant activity, and to evaluate the influence of the chemical composition on the bioactivity of the IPS. Mycelia were cultivated in different liquid culture media (M1, M2, and AG), and polysaccharides were extracted with hot water. Mice bone marrow-derived DCs were exposed to the different IPS, and the percentage of cells expressing CD86, MHC II, and IL-12 was determined. The antioxidant activity was evaluated through four assays. Results showed that the chemical composition of the three extracts was different. Glucose, mannose, and galactose prevail in all the extracts, although in different proportions. IPS from mycelia growing in M1 (IPS_M1) significantly increased the expression levels of MHC II and CD86 in a concentration-dependent manner, and the same tendency was found for IL-12 production. This IPS extract was mainly composed of glucose. Only IPS obtained from mycelia growing in M2 (IPS_M2) showed significant antioxidant activity, possibly related to the presence of a greater amount of phenolic compounds in this extract. This is the first study reporting the ability of aqueous extracts of mycelial polysaccharides from G. australe to maturate and activate mouse DCs, as well as to prevent oxidation, encouraging further studies of the immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of these compounds.