Optimized aqueous extracts of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) suitable for powder production Garrido Makinistian, Francisco Manuel; Sette, Paula Andrea; Gallo, Loreana Carolina; Bucala, Veronica; Salvatori, Daniela Marisol The aim of this work was to obtain powders rich in bioactive compounds from maqui berry aqueous extracts by spray drying. First, the process parameters of the maquiaqueous extraction were optimized. The optimal operating conditions were found using an experimental Box Behnken design with three factors: solvent/fruit ratio (2:1, 3.5:1and 5:1), extraction temperature (25, 50 and 75°C) and extraction time (30, 75 and 120 min). Soluble solids content, monomeric anthocyanin content (ACY), totalpolyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity in the liquid extracts were analyzed as key responses to find the optimal extraction conditions. Secondly, the best aqueous extract (solvent/fruit ratio - 2:1; extraction temperature - 75°C and extraction time - 75 min) was subjected to spray drying. The effects of different drying adjuvants (maltodextrin, colloidal silicon dioxide, arabic gum, and microcrystalline cellulose) on the powders flow properties, the process yield (PY), the bioactive compounds contentand the superficial color were studied. The product based on colloidal silicon dioxide presented the best powder properties: excellent flowability (α: 30.4±0.7°, CI:8.0±1.7%), adequate moisture content (4.9±0.3%),very good PY (70±1%), high ACY (1528±41 mg cy-3glu/100 g of powder) and TPC (3936±132 mg GAE/100 g of powder), and a purple hue. This maqui powderoffers valuable properties that allow its use, among other applications, as a functional ingredient, natural colorant and nutraceutical product.

La huelga de 1966 en el Puerto de Buenos Aires: ¿Caso excepcional de resistencia o preludio de la radicalización?; The 1966 port strike in Buenos Aires: An exceptional case of resistance or a prelude for growing radicalization? Mangiantini, Martín Ezequiel El trabajo aborda la huelga acaecida en el puerto de Buenos Aires entre los meses de octubre y diciembre de 1966 en los inicios de la autodenominada Revolución Argentina convirtiéndose en el punto de partida de una política de racionalización empresarial por parte del onganiato. Si bien los resultados del conflicto son factibles de ser caracterizados como adversos para sus protagonistas se sostiene que, en perspectiva, su derrotero anticipó un considerable abanico de elementos que se identificaron con claridad tras las jornadas de mayo de 1969 en el marco del proceso de radicalización político-ideológica identificable con el conjunto de fenómenos externalizados tras el Cordobazo.; The article addresses the strike at the port of Buenos Aires between the months of October and December 1966 during the beginning of the dictatorship of Onganía. This conflict became the beginning of a business rationalization defended by the government. The result of the conflict was negative for workers. However, its characteristics anticipated some elements which can be identified more certainly after May of 1969, during the political and ideological radicalization process that was lived with the denominated Cordobazo.

A social-ecological approach to identify and quantify biodiversity tipping points in South America’s seasonal dry ecosystems Thonicke, Kirsten; Langerwisch, Fanny; Baumann, Matthias; Leitão, Pedro J.; Václavík, Tomáš; Alencar, Anne; Simões, Margareth; Scheiter, Simon; Langan, Liam; Bustamante, Mercedes; Gasparri, Nestor Ignacio; Hirota, Marina; Börner, Jan; Rajao, Raoni; Soares Filho, Britaldo; Yanosky, Alberto; Ochoa Quinteiro, José Manuel; Seghezzo, Lucas; Conti, Georgina; de la Vega Leiner, Anne Cristina ropical dry forests and savannas harbour unique biodiversity and provide critical ES, yet they are under severe pressure globally. We need to improve our understanding of how and when this pressure provokes tipping points in biodiversity and the associated social-ecological systems. We propose an approach to investigate how drivers leading to natural vegetation decline trigger biodiversity tipping and illustrate it using the example of the Dry Diagonal in South America, an understudied deforestation frontier. The Dry Diagonal represents the largest continuous area of dry forests and savannas in South America, extending over three million km² across Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. Natural vegetation in the Dry Diagonal has been undergoing large-scale transformations for the past 30 years due to massive agricultural expansion and intensification. Many signs indicate that natural vegetation decline has reached critical levels. Major research gaps prevail, however, in our understanding of how these transformations affect the unique and rich biodiversity of the Dry Diagonal, and how this affects the ecological integrity and the provisioning of ES that are critical both for local livelihoods and commercial agriculture.

Assessing interactions, predicting function, and increasing degradation potential of a PAH-degrading bacterial consortium by effect of an inoculant strain Macchi, Marianela; Festa, Sabrina; Vega Vela, Nelson E.; Morelli, Irma Susana; Coppotelli, Bibiana Marina A natural phenanthrene-degrading consortium CON was inoculated with an exogenous strain Sphingobium sp. (ex Sp. paucimobilis) 20006FA yielding the consortium called I-CON, in order to study ecological interactions into the bacterial community. DGGE and proteomic profiles and analyses by HTS (High-Throughput Sequencing) technologies demonstrated inoculant establishment and changes on CON composition. Inoculation increased degradation efficiency in I-CON and prevented intermediate HNA accumulation. This could be explained not only by the inoculation, but also by enrichment in Achromobacter genus at expense of a decrease in Klebsiella genus. After inoculation, cooperation between Sphingobium and Achromobacter genera were improved, thereby, some competition could have been generated, and as a consequence, species in minor proportion (cheaters), as Inquilinus sp. and Luteibacter sp., were not detected. Sequences of Sphingobium (corresponding to the inoculated strain) did not vary. PICRUSt predicted a network with bacterial phylotypes connected with enzymes, showing functional redundancy in the phenanthrene pathway, with exception of the first enzymes biphenyl-2,3-diol 1,2-dioxygenase and protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase that were only encoded in Sphingobium sp. This is the first report where a natural consortium that has been characterized by HTS technologies is inoculated with an exogenous strain in order to study competitiveness and interactions.

Synthetic amplitude for improved reconstruction of noniterative phase holograms Velez Zea, Alejandro; Torroba, Roberto Daniel In this paper, we show how a specially designed synthetic amplitude can be used to obtain greatly improved reconstruction of objects only using the phase data of their Fourier or Fresnel transforms. The reconstruction of objects from phase-only information is of interest because phase modulation has much higher efficiency than amplitude modulation and can be achieved with a high degree of precision with current liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulators. However, direct reconstruction of an object from its phase information usually results in severely degraded outputs. Due to this issue, to achieve optimal reconstruction, the object information must be codified in a phase hologram by means of time-consuming algorithms. To avoid these kinds of algorithms, we propose using a synthetic amplitude, designed in such a way that, when multiplied with the phase information of the object, leads to high-quality reconstruction. This synthetic amplitude contains no information about the object and can be used to reconstruct a number of different inputs without further processing. We present experiments carried out in virtual and actual optical systems verifying the validity of our proposal for 2D, 3D, and dynamic scenes.

Sleep accelerates re-stabilization of human declarative memories Moyano, Malen Daiana; Diekelmann, Susanne; Pedreira, Maria Eugenia; Forcato, Cecilia Consolidated memories can return to a labile state upon presentation of a reminder, followed by a period of re-stabilization known as reconsolidation. This period can take several hours, and if an amnesic agent (e.g. new learning) is administered inside the time window of reconsolidation (when the memory is still labile) the memory is impaired, whereas the memory remains unaffected if the amnesic agent is administered outside this time window. Sleep plays a fundamental role in the consolidation and integration of new memories, and recently sleep has also been implicated in memory reconsolidation. Here, we studied the role of sleep in accelerating the reconsolidation time window. On day 1, participants learned a list of syllable-pairs (List 1). On day 2, they received a reminder, followed by interference learning (List 2) administered either after 90 min of wakefulness, after 90 min of sleep, or after 10 h of wakefulness. On day 3, participants had to recall List 1 first, followed by List 2, and we assessed the Retrieval-Induced-Forgetting Effect (RIF) on List 2 as a measure of List 1 memory stability. We found that the 90 min sleep group showed an intact RIF effect similar to the 10 h wake group, reflecting stable List 1 memory after 90 min of sleep and after 10 h of wakefulness. However, the RIF effect was absent after 90 min of wakefulness, suggesting that the List 1 memory was still labile at that time. Moreover, the RIF effect in the 90 min sleep group was associated with power density in the slow oscillation frequency band (0.5–1 Hz) during SWS and S2. These findings suggest that 90 min of sleep accelerate memory re-stabilization after reminder presentation, shortening the reconsolidation time window and protecting the memory against subsequent interference. This rapid memory re-stabilization may depend on slow oscillation activity during NREM sleep.

Armored catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Miocene of southern Pampas and its palaeobiogeographical implications Bogan, Sergio; Agnolin, Federico Armored catfishes are grouped within the clade Loricariidae. They are typically Brazilian freshwater fishes that show a high taxonomic diversity in South America and are distributed from Costa Rica to Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The aim of the present contribution is to describe an isolated pectoral spine of a loricariid coming from Late Miocene beds of southern Pampas, at Buenos Aires province, Argentina. This record constitutes the first finding of a fish in the Chasicó area, Arenas Blancas fossiliferous site, and is located far from the current geographical range of loricariids. The finding of a loricariid is congruent with the idea of a warm climate and the possibility that southern paleobasins of Pampas and northern Patagonia were hydrographically connected with paleobasins that hold Brazilian freshwater fishes.

Stratigraphical distribution of the Ordovician graptolite Azygograptus Nicholson & Lapworth in the Central Andean Basin (northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia); Distribution stratigraphique du graptolite ordovicien Azygograptus Nicholson & Lapworth du Bassin andin central (Nord-Ouest de l'Argentine et Sud de la Bolivie) Toro, Blanca Azucena; Herrera Sánchez, Nexxys Carolina We analyzed new occurrences of Azygograptus lapworthi from the Cordillera Oriental, Argentina. The bearer sandstones levels, corresponding to the Acoite Formation, are overlying the deposits, in which the Didymograptellus bifidus Biozone (Lower Ordovician, upper Floian, Fl3) was previously recognized, and are overlain by younger pelitic levels yielding Xiphograptus lofuensis (Middle Ordovician, early Dapingian, Dp2). Previous records from the Central Andean Basin are also reviewed in detail and accurately correlated, allowing us to conclude that the Azygograptus lapworthi Biozone corresponds to the Middle Ordovician (lower Dapingian, Dp1). This biostratigraphic framework documents that the transition between the Lower and Middle Ordovician deposits occurs in the uppermost levels of the Acoite Formation in the Argentine Cordillera Oriental. It is additionally integrated with up to date conodont records to establish a high-resolution regional correlation, with equivalent deposits from the Puna of northwestern Argentina and Cordillera Oriental of Bolivia, and to discuss new insights for global correlation.; Les dépôts de la formation d’Acoite ont révélé un enregistrement de Azygograptus lapworthi dans la cordillère orientale d’Argentine. Ces niveaux surplombent des dépôts déjà identifiés comme appartenant à la biozone à Didymograptellus bifidus (Ordovicien inférieur). Ils sont recouverts par des dépôts plus récents, incluant Xiphograptus lofuensis (Ordovicien moyen, Dapingien précoce). Les anciens registres du Bassin andin central sont, de plus, revus en détail et précisément corrélés régionalement, ce qui nous autorise à conclure que la biozone à Azygograptus lapworthi correspond à l’Ordovicien moyen (Dapingien, Dp1). Ce schéma biostratigraphique indique que la transition entre les dépôts de l’Ordovicien inférieur et moyen se déroule, dans la cordillère orientale d’Argentine, dans les niveaux les plus supérieurs de la formation d’Acoite. De plus, les registres récents de conodontes permettent d’établir une corrélation régionale à haute résolution avec les dépôts équivalents de la Puna, dans le Nord-Ouest de l’Argentine, et de la cordillère orientale de Bolivie, ainsi que de discuter de nouvelles propositions de corrélations globales.

Gas-phase degradation of 2-butanethiol initiated by OH radicals and Cl atoms: Kinetics, product yields and mechanism at 298 K and atmospheric pressure Cardona, Alejandro L.; Gibilisco, Rodrigo Gastón; Blanco, Maria Belen; Wiesen, Peter; Teruel, Mariano Andres Relative rate coefficients and product distribution of the reaction of 2-butanethiol (2butSH) with OH radicals and Cl atoms were obtained at atmospheric pressure and 298 K. The experiments were performed in a 480 L borosilicate glass photoreactor in synthetic air coupled to a long path "in situ" FTIR spectrometer. The rate coefficients obtained by averaging the values from different experiments were: kOH = (2.58 ± 0.21) × 10-11 cm3 per molecule per s and kCl = (2.49 ± 0.19) × 10-10 cm3 per molecule per s. The kinetic values were compared with related alkyl thiols and homologous alkyl alcohols, where it was found that thiols react faster with both oxidants, OH radicals and Cl atoms. SO2 and 2-butanone were the major products identified for the reactions of 2-butanethiol with OH radicals and Cl atoms. The product yield of the reaction of 2-butanethiol and OH radicals were (81 ± 2)%, and (42 ± 1)% for SO2 and 2-butanone, respectively. For the reactions of 2-butanethiol with Cl atom, yields of SO2 and 2-butanone were (59 ± 2)% and (39 ± 2)%, respectively. A degradation mechanism was proposed for the pathways that leads to formation of identified products. The product distribution observed indicated that the H-atom of the S-H group abstraction channel is the main pathway for the reaction of OH radicals and Cl atoms with 2-butanethiol.

Energy and carbon footprints of chicken and pork from intensive production systems in Argentina Arrieta, Ezequiel Martín; Gonzalez, Alejandro Daniel Due to the heterogeneity and complexity of food systems, there is a need to increase the knowledge on environmental impacts of regional productions by performing studies in a transparent manner, so that researchers could compare and accurately adapt such data to assess mitigation strategies. With the exception of beef, chicken and pork are the most consumed meats in Argentina and their consumption is expected to continuing increasing. However, despite the growing importance of chicken and pork industry, no studies on environmental impact of these products have been conducted to date in this country. Performing a life cycle inventory with data derived from government statistical publications, academia and communications with industry, the present study aims to investigate the energy and carbon footprints per ton of live weight (LW) of chickens and pigs from intensive production systems at farm gate in Argentina. In addition, we discussed in detail the effects on energy and carbon footprints of two animal diets which comprise different soybean by-products commonly used in animal husbandry, namely expeller-extruded soybean meal and solvent-extracted soybean meal and oil. We found that the energy and carbon footprint at farm gate for chicken was 13.6–15.1 GJ/ton LW and 2.03–2.22 ton CO 2 -eq/ton LW, for pigs in hoop systems 23.2–24.0 GJ/ton LW and 5.14–5.17 ton CO 2 -eq/ton LW, and for pigs in confinement systems 23.6–24.2 GJ/ton LW and 6.06–6.45 ton CO 2 -eq/ton LW, respectively. The choice of expeller-extruded soybean meal or solvent-extracted soybean meal and oil as feed ingredients showed small differences on the energy and carbon footprints of chickens and pigs.

Energy and carbon footprints of food: Investigating the effect of cooking Arrieta, Ezequiel Martín; Gonzalez, Alejandro Daniel Energy and carbon footprints of foods are of much concern, since food systems account for nearly one third of energy use and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions worldwide. Due to the complexity of mass variations in food processing and the diversity of appliances used in household cooking, most studies on energy and carbon footprints were performed from cradle to farm gate or wholesale stages. However, life cycle studies considering food preparation are important to assess environmental impacts related to both consumer practices and food characteristics. In the present work, we performed an experimental study that involved cooking of 18 foods consumed in Argentina; we report the energy consumption, GHG emissions and mass changes associated with the process. We also defined a nutritional footprint indicator, which allowed us to obtain the energy use and GHG emissions per unit of nutrient content instead of per unit of weight (e.g. per kg of food). We studied the cases of beef, wheat-based bread and soybeans, which represent the three analyzed food groups, to assess the impact of cooking on the cradle-to-table energy and carbon footprint. Our results showed that the relative impact of including the cooking stage in the energy and carbon footprints depends on the analyzed food item, with the impact being more important for plant-based than for meat products. Thus, a reduction in the footprint gap between plant-based and animal-based foods was found.

A connection between reversible tyrosine phosphorylation and SNARE complex disassembly activity of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor unveiled by the phosphomimetic mutant N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-Y83E Ruete, María Celeste; Zarelli, Valeria Eugenia Paola; Masone, Diego Fernando; de Paola, Maria Matilde; Bustos, Diego Martin; Tomes, Claudia Nora N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) disassembles fusion-incompetent cis soluble-NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes making monomeric SNAREs available for subsequent trans pairing and fusion. In most cells the activity of NSF is constitutive, but in Jurkat cells and sperm it is repressed by tyrosine phosphorylation; the phosphomimetic mutant NSF-Y83E inhibits secretion in the former. The questions addressed here are if and how the NSF mutant influences the configuration of the SNARE complex. Our model is human sperm, where the initiation of exocytosis (acrosome reaction (AR)) de-represses the activity of NSF through protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)-mediated dephosphorylation. We developed a fluorescence microscopy-based method to show that capacitation increased, and challenging with an AR inducer decreased, the number of cells with tyrosine-phosphorylated PTP1B substrates in the acrosomal domain. Results from bioinformatic and biochemical approaches using purified recombinant proteins revealed that NSF-Y83E bound PTP1B and thereupon inhibited its catalytic activity. Mutant NSF introduced into streptolysin O-permeabilized sperm impaired cis SNARE complex disassembly, blocking the AR; subsequent addition of PTP1B rescued exocytosis. We propose that NSF-Y83E prevents endogenous PTP1B from dephosphorylating sperm NSF, thus maintaining NSF's activity in a repressed mode and the SNARE complex unable to dissociate. The contribution of this paper to the sperm biology field is the detection of PTP1B substrates, one of them likely being NSF, whose tyrosine phosphorylation status varies during capacitation and the AR. The contribution of this paper to the membrane traffic field is to have generated direct evidence that explains the dominant-negative role of the phosphomimetic mutant NSF-Y83E.

Subordination Tarski algebras Celani, Sergio Arturo In this work we will study Tarski algebras endowed with a subordination, called subordination Tarski algebras. We will define the notion of round filters, and we will study the class of irreducible round filters and the maximal round filters, called ends. We will prove that the poset of all round filters is a lattice isomorphic to the lattice of the congruences that are compatible with the subordination. We will prove that every end is an irreducible round filter, and that in a topological subordination Tarski algebra A, every irreducible round filter is an end iff A is a monadic subordination Tarski algebra. As corollary of this result we have that the variety of monadic Tarski algebra can be characterised as the topological Tarski algebras where every irreducible open filter is a maximal open filter.

A shift of ecosystem engineers during the succession of an intertidal benthic community associated with natural and anthropogenic disturbances Llanos, Elizabeth Noemi; Becherucci, Maria Eugenia; Garaffo, Griselda Valeria; Vallarino, Eduardo Alberto Temporal variation and sewage pollution were assessed on the recruitment of two benthic ecosystems engineer species during an experimental succession. The re-colonisation of the spionid polychaete Boccardia proboscidea and the mussel Brachidontes rodriguezii reached a maximum cover recruitment of 80 % after 12 and 20 weeks, respectively in plots cleared in spring. While in plots cleared in autumn B. proboscidea remained dominant from the initial re-colonisation to final successional stages. The settlement of the green algae Ulva hookeriana was facilitated by B. rodriguezii. The spionid polychaete had an abundance peak during spring, replacing B. rodriguezii and dominated the sewage-polluted area. However, the mussel returned to be the dominant species after a wind-wave–storm. An environmental disturbance like the documented storm was an important structuring factor of the studied community, with implications on the intertidal diversity, as it may change the dominance of the ecosystem engineers in the local sewage-impacted area.

La inclusión financiera en América Latina y Europa; Financial Inclusion in Latin America and Europe Orazi, Sofia; Martinez, Lisana Belén; Vigier, Hernan Pedro La inclusión financiera definida como el nivel de acceso y uso de servicios financieros constituye un tema incipiente en la literatura y de gran importancia para el desarrollo de sistemas económicos estables e inclusivos. El presente estudio propone analizar la forma en que se agrupan un conjunto de países de América Latina y Europa en cuanto a sus niveles de inclusión financiera y la trayectoria de estos grupos en los años 2011, 2014 y 2017, utilizando los datos de la base Global Findex. El método de análisis es de clúster jerárquicos. Se observa la persistencia de dos grandes conglomerados de países, de alta y baja inclusión financiera, y algunos grupos más dinámicos, con niveles intermedios de acceso y uso de servicios financieros. Mientras que el grupo de alta inclusión financiera, integrado por la mayoría de los países de Europa, se ha mostrado más homogéneo a través de los años, la agrupación de los países de América Latina ha sido más dinámica. Aquellos países que han implementado políticas públicas integradas, en cuanto a la promoción y financiación de la inclusión financiera, se han destacado por una mejor trayectoria en estos años.; Financial inclusion is defined as the level of access and use of financial services and is an incipient subject in literature. It is of major importance in the development of sustainable and inclusive economic systems. The present study aims to analyze the way in which a group of Latin American and European countries are clustered together in terms of their levels of financial inclusion and the performance of these groups between 2011, 2014 and 2017, using data from the Global Findex database. The analysis method is hierarchical clustering. It is observed that there are two large groups of countries, one of high and another of low financial inclusion, and some other more dynamic groups with intermediate levels of access and use of financial services. While the group with high financial inclusion, formed by most of the European countries, has been more homogeneous over the years, the clustering of Latin American countries has been more dynamic. Those countries that have implemented integrated public policies, in terms of the promotion and funding of financial inclusion, have had a remarkably better performance in these years.

Destruir para desarrollar: Ciencia natural y desigualdad en el ordenamiento patagónico; Destruction in the name of development: Natural science and inequality in patagonian territorial planning; Destruir para desenvolver: Ciência natural e desigualdade no ordenamento territorial patagônico Lema, Carolina; Nuñez, Paula Gabriela El artículo profundiza la crítica sobre el discurso científico que fundamentó el modelo de desarrollo patagónico desde fines del siglo XIX a principios del siglo XX. Se observa cómo la construcción de lo nacional se apoya en el conocimiento experto, interpelando el saber técnico desde la apropiación y significación política. Se discuten antecedentes historiográficos que vincularon este conocimiento con la lógica utilitarista, buscando evidenciar como la producción científica impactó fuertemente en el ordenamiento social y moral de un territorio que se incorporó de forma tardía y desigual a la organización del Estado. Esta hipótesis se sostendrá mediante la lectura cruzada de escritos de naturalistas y de figuras emblemáticas de la planificación de la apropiación y desarrollo patagónico del período.; The problem of unequal territorial integration in the Argentinean Patagonia has been widely studied. This article analyzes the interactions between national and scientific rhetorics in the understanding and design of the Patagonian territory, which allows for the interpellation of scientific technical knowledge from the perspective of its political significance. The paper seeks to broaden the academic register and further the critique of the scientific discourse that grounded the development model for the Argentinean Patagonia from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th. It discusses the historiographical background that linked knowledge to utilitarian logic, based on a cross-referenced analysis of writings by naturalists and emblematic figures of planning of the appropriation and Patagonian development during the analyzed period. It shows the strong impact of scientific production on the social and moral planning of a territory that was incorporated late and unequally into the organization of the State. In Patagonia, the national rhetoric describes its progress in terms of a future promise, defining everything that exists there, persons, plants, and animals, as obstacles to the fulfillment of that promise.; A desigual integração territorial na Patagônia argentina é um problema amplamente estudado. Neste artigo, analisa-se como as retóricas nacionais e científicas se fusionam na compreensão e no desenho do território patagônico, o que permite questionar o saber técnico-científico a partir de sua significação política. Procurase ampliar o registro acadêmico e aprofundar a crítica sobre o discurso científico que fundamentou o modelo de desenvolvimento na Patagônia argentina desde o final do século xix até o início do xx. São discutidos antecedentes historiográficos que vincularam o conhecimento com a lógica utilitarista, por meio de uma análise cruzada de textos naturalistas e figuras emblemáticas do planejamento da apropriação e do desenvolvimento patagônico do período analisado. Evidencia-se como a produção científica impactou com força o ordenamento social e moral de um território que foi incorporado de forma tardia e desigual à organização do Estado. A retórica nacional, na Patagônia, remete seu progresso a uma promessa futura, localizando tudo o que existe, pessoas, plantas e animais, como obstáculo a essa promessa.

No linealidades y efectos umbral en la relación capital humano-crecimiento económico; No linearities and threshold effects in the human capital-economic growth relationship; Não linearidades e efeitos de limiar na relação capital humano-crescimento econômico Rojas, Mara Leticia; Monterubbianesi, Pablo Daniel; Dabús, Carlos Darío El trabajo analiza la relación capital humano-crecimiento (considerado al primero mediante un enfoque amplio que involucra salud y educación) para 86 países en el periodo 1960-2010. El objetivo es evaluar la presencia de no linealidades y efectos umbral mediante técnicas de panel paramétricas y semi-paramétricas. Los resultados muestran: a) evidencia notoria de no linealidades en la educación, con un rango de valores medios de educación (e ingresos) para los cuáles la relación es negativa (efectos umbral); b) evidencia de no linealidades para la salud, aunque el efecto es más suave y c) gran dispersión en la relación educación - crecimiento a niveles medios y altos de ingresos.; This paper analyzes the relationship between human capital and growth (consider-ing the first through a broad approach involving health and education) for 86 coun-tries from 1960-2010. The objective is to evaluate the presence of nonlinearities and the threshold effects by using parametric and semiparametric panel techniques. The results show: a) well-known evidence of nonlinearities in education, with a range of average values of education (and income) for which the relation is negative (threshold effects); b) evidence of nonlinearities for health, although the effect is smoother; and c) great dispersion in the education–growth relationship at medium and high levels of income.; Este artigo analisa a relação capital humano-crescimento (considerando o pri-meiro com um enfoque amplo que involve saúde e educação) para 86 países no período de 1960 a 2010. O objetivo é avaliar a presença de não linearidades e efei-tos de limiar mediante técnicas de paineis paramétricos y semiparamétricos. Os resultados mostram a) evidência notória de não linearidades na educação, com um intervalo de valores médios de educação (e ingressos) para os quais a relação é negativa (efeitos de limiar); b) evidência de não linearidades para a saúde, ainda que o efeito seja mais suave; e c) grande dispersão na relação educação-cresci-mento a níveis médios e altos de ingressos.

Juventudes en plural, territorios en transformación. Hacia un estado del arte de los estudios sobre juventudes rurales en Argentina Schmuck, María Emilia El artículo se propone aportar al estado del arte de los estudios sobre juventudes rurales en Argentina. Se trata de un trabajo en estado preliminar que parte del señalamiento de la invisibilización social de las juventudes rurales y su marginalidad en los estudios sociales. A través de una revisión y análisis bibliográfico, identifica tres grandes líneas de investigaciones sobre juventudes rurales desarrolladas en el país en los últimos veinte años: los ?primeros estudios? de alcance nacional; los estudios ?por regiones? y los estudios ?de caso/en caso?, profundizando en los modos de construir el sujeto de estudio, sus aportes específicos y áreas de vacancia.

Immune status during postpartum, peri-implantation and early pregnancy in cattle: An updated view Velázquez, Melisa María del Luján; Peralta, María Belén; Angeli, Emmanuel; Stassi, Antonela Florencia; Gareis, Natalia Carolina; Durante, Leandro Ivan; Cainelli, Sofía; Salvetti, Natalia Raquel; Rey, Florencia; Ortega, Hugo Hector Throughout the estrous cycle the mammalian endometrium undergoes morphological and functional changes that are essential for the establishment of pregnancy and proper ovarian and uterine functions. Among these changes, the most important are alterations in both inter- and intracellular signalling molecules, many of which modulate immune processes. In the endometrial tissue there are local innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific/acquired) response mechanisms which vary because of the endocrine status during the estrous cycle, pregnancy and postpartum period. Endometrial cells have responses that support the immune system by producing pro-inflammatory factors such as cytokines, sensors, effector molecules and chemokines. This response is important during gestation, pregnancy, and fetal growth, as well as in preventing infection, and immuno-rejection of the semi-allogeneic embryo. In dairy cows, both before and immediately after calving, there are marked changes in the values for hormonal and metabolic variables and the immune status is impaired. Thus, in several studies there has been assessment of the physiological and/or abnormal maternal immune changes and possible effects on dairy cow reproductive performance. The objective with this review is to summarize the novel information about the immune mechanisms involved during the postpartum period, subsequent peri-implantation period and pregnancy in dairy cows, and the possible effects on reproductive performance. This information provides for an enhanced understanding of the local and systemic immune responses associated with the metabolic and hormonal status of dairy cows, and alterations in the immune system of high producing cows and the possible effects on subsequent fertility.

Spatial relationships among free-living cururos (Spalacopus cyanus) demonstrate burrow sharing and communal nesting Lacey, Eileen Anne; O´Brien, Shannon L.; Sobrero, Raul Eduardo; Ebensperger, Luis A. Spatial relationships among conspecifics can provide insights into numerous aspects of social behavior. Spatial data may be particularly important for characterizing the behavior of difficult-to-study species such as subterranean rodents, direct observations of which are challenging. To characterize the social organization of the cururo (Spalacopus cyanus), a subterranean species in the rodent family Octodontidae, we used radiotelemetry to quantify spatial relationships within populations of this species located in Parque Nacional Bosque Fray Jorge and Santuario de la Naturaleza Yerba Loca, Chile. Specifically, we sought to determine if adults in this diurnal species share burrows and subterranean nests, the two criteria typically used to identify subterranean rodents as social. Analyses of radio fixes collected during February?March 2003 revealed that cururos at both Fray Jorge and Yerba Loca shared nighttime nest sites; cluster analyses of these data identified multiple spatially distinct subsets of adults in each population. Overlap of minimum convex polygons constructed from radio fixes collected during daylight hours suggested burrow sharing by animals in both populations. Cluster analyses of overlap values revealed the same spatially distinct groups of individuals identified from analyses of nest sharing; in addition, these analyses revealed one cluster of animals in each population that was not evident from analyses of nighttime data. Collectively, these results confirm that cururos are social, with adults in both study populations sharing burrow systems and communal nests. Our findings add to the growing understanding of social organization in octodontid rodents and reveal a new system for comparative studies of the ecology and evolution of behavioral variation in burrow-dwelling mammals.