Safe Abortion in Women's Hands: Autonomy and a Human Rights Approach to COVID-19 and Beyond Lopez Cabello, Andres; Gaitán, Ana Cecilia While SARS-CoV-2 containment measures transformed all spheres of social interaction, the COVID-19 pandemic has subjected national health systems to unforeseen strain, leading to their virtual collapse in many countries. The international health crisis has exacerbated social inequalities, with a disproportionate impact on traditionally neglected people; unfortunately, its socioeconomic impacts are likely only to deepen in the future.Sexual and reproductive health and rights are no exception. When the pandemic first began, the increasing pressure on health systems, the closing of health counseling centers, orders to avoid crowding in health facilities, and restrictions on movement due to lockdown or quarantine affected women's[*] ability to fully enjoy their sexual and reproductive rights. In particular, these circumstances have jeopardized women's ability to access safe abortion in a timely manner.This is why dozens of high-level country representatives issued a joint statement in May 2020 expressing that sexual and reproductive health needs must be prioritized to ensure continuity and calling on governments ?to ensure full and unimpeded access to all sexual and reproductive health services for all women and girls. In line with this statement, the World Health Organization (WHO) has noted that sexual and reproductive care is an essential health service that needs to be made available to populations. It urges states to reduce barriers that could delay care, consider the use of noninvasive medical methods for abortion, and ?minimize facility visits and provider-client contacts through the use of telemedicine and self-management approaches. Nonetheless, WHO?s guidance is not a global commitment or a settled issue, since in some places local governments have labeled abortion a nonessential service, curtailing women's access to services that are particularly time sensitive.The issue at stake is not only that restricting abortion access fails to uphold states human rights obligations during a health crisis but also that an adequate response has the potential to empower women and avoid the over-regulation of abortion.States should seize this opportunity to deepen the trend of increased access to abortifacient drugs in pharmacies and through mail; increased self-managed medical abortions at home; and expanded use of telemedicine counseling for this purpose. This is not only consistent with scientific evidence on the safety, effectiveness, and acceptability of medical abortion but also a requirement of international human rights law, which demands that health goods and services be acceptable and, consequently, not subject to overmedicalization.Innovation and efficiency, while upholding women's rights, is the way forward during the current pandemic. This is also a chance to break taboos around medical abortion and promote greater spaces for women's bodily autonomy during the current health crisis and beyond.

Mental health impacts in Argentinean college students during COVID-19 quarantine López Steinmetz, Lorena Cecilia; Leyes, Candela Abigail; Dutto Florio, María Agustina; Fong, Shao Bing; López Steinmetz, Romina Lucrecia; Godoy, Juan Carlos Background: We aimed to: (1) analyze differences in both general (in terms of psychological well-being/discomfort, social functioning and coping, and psychological distress) and specific (depression, trait-anxiety, negative alcohol-related consequences, and suicidal risk) mental health state (MHS) in college students, residing in four different Argentinean regions (center, north, south, and the most populated) exposed to different spread-rates of the COVID-19; (2) analyze between-group differences in both general and specific MHS indicators at four quarantine sub-periods (twice prior, and twice following the first quarantine extension). Methods: We used a cross-sectional design with a convenience sample including 2,687 college students. Data was collected online during the Argentinean quarantine. We calculated one-way between-groups ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Regionally, the center and the most populated area differed in psychological well-being/discomfort and negative alcohol-related consequences, but not in the remaining MHS indicators. According to the quarantine sub-periods, there were differences in psychological well-being/discomfort, social functioning and coping, psychological distress, and negative alcohol-related consequences. Negative alcohol-related consequences were the only MHS indicator improving over time. For all of the remaining MHS indicators, we found a similar deterioration pattern in the course of time, with mean scores decreasing from the first to the 2nd week of the quarantine pre-extensions, then increasing toward the 1st week of the quarantine post-extension (with some MHS indicators reaching mean scores worse than the start), and then continued to increase. Conclusion: A worsened mean MHS during quarantine suggests that quarantine and its extensions contribute to negative mental health impacts.

El estudio del trabajo infantil y los desafíos en su abordaje; The study of child labor and the challenges in its approach; O estudo do trabalho infantil e os desafios em sua abordagem Rausky Ndrico, Maria Eugenia Desde hace al menos tres décadas, la sociología viene consolidando en su interior un área de conocimiento cuyo objeto de estudio específico es la niñez. Este artículo se inscribe en dicho campo y tiene como objetivo hacer una reconstrucción de algunas de las discusiones vigentes en el estudio de un fenómeno principalmente explorado por los estudiosos de lo infantil: las actividades laborales llevadas adelante por niños, niñas y ado-lescentes. En particular, se exploran los desarrollos realizados al respecto principalmente en tres disciplinas: la historia, la antropología y la sociología de la infancia, explorando los avances y déficits tanto en producciones de países de Latinoamérica como del resto del mundo. Se asume que dicha indagación permitirá sistematizar y actualizar los desarrollos del campo, buscando clarificar los desafíos que el análisis del trabajo infantil supone para los estudiosos.Para lograr dicho objetivo, se realiza una revisión de los diferentes aspectos que este campo de investigación viene problematizando, es decir, se hace una reconstrucción de qué tipo de estudios se han desarrollado en los últimos años, para identificar con base en dichas lecturas en qué se ha avanzado y cuáles son los aspectos a desarrollar.Este trabajo se sustenta en un conjunto de documentos seleccionados (artículos, capítulos de libros y comunicaciones en congresos), que constituyen aportes relevantes para complejizar el análisis del fenómeno en cuestión. A partir del análisis se concluye que se vuelve necesaria la incorporación de una serie de asunciones teóricas, metodológicas y de ciertos recortes empíricos que fortalecerían tales estudios.; For at least three decades, sociology has been consolidating in its interior an area of knowledge whose specific object of study is childhood. Enrolled in this field, this article aims to reconstruct some of the current discussions in the study of a phenomenon mainly explored by childhood scholars: labor activities carried out by children and adolescents. In particular, we analyze three disciplines: history, anthropology, and sociology of child-hood, exploring the advances and deficits in productions of Latin American countries and the rest of the world. It is assumed that such inquiry will systematize and update the developments of the field, seeking to clarify the challenges that the analysis of children’s labor still poses for students of the subject.Based on this objective, we will make a review of the different aspects that the field has been problematizing, that is, we will reconstruct what type of studies have been devel-oped in recent years and based on these readings we will identify in what we believe that progress has been made and what are the pending aspects to be developed –because of its absence or its poor development–.To carry out this work, we use a set of selected documents–articles, book chapters and conference communications–that we understand as relevant contributions to the analysis of the phenomenon. From the analysis it is concluded that the incorporation of a series of theoretical, methodological assumptions and certain empirical approaches would strengthen such studies.

Evolutionary analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for its different clades Pereson Moschen, Matias Javier; Flichman, Diego Martin; Martínez, Alfredo P.; Baré, Patricia; García, Gabriel Hugo; Di Lello, Federico Alejandro The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become the main target for antiviral and vaccine development. Despite its relevance, e information is scarse about its evolutionary traces. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversification patterns of the spike for each clade of SARS-CoV-2 through different approaches. Two thousand and one hundred sequences representing the seven clades of the SARS-CoV-2 were included. Patterns of genetic diversifications and nucleotide evolutionary rate were estimated for the spike genomic region. The haplotype networks showed a star shape, where multiple haplotypes with few nucleotide differences diverge from a common ancestor. Four hundred seventy-nine different haplotypes were defined in the seven analyzed clades. The main haplotype, named Hap-1, was the most frequent for clades G (54%), GH (54%), and GR (56%) and a different haplotype (named Hap-252) was the most important for clades L (63.3%), O (39.7%), S (51.7%), and V (70%). The evolutionary rate for the spike protein was estimated as 1.08 × 10−3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year. Moreover, the nucleotide evolutionary rate after nine months of the pandemic was similar for each clade. In conclusion, the present evolutionary analysis is relevant as the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is the target for most therapeutic candidates; besides, changes in this protein could have consequences on viral transmission, response to antivirals and efficacy of vaccines. Moreover, the evolutionary characterization of clades improves knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 and deserves to be assessed in more detail as re-infection by different phylogenetic clades has been reported.

Extensión de la ciencia y la técnica [21 de Septiembre Dia de la Ciencia y la Tecnología] Se establece el 21 de setiembre de cada año como "Día de la Ciencia y la Tecnología" en el ámbito de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. El 21 de setiembre de 1976, en la ciudad de La Plata, se realizó el acto de inauguración de un monolito en homenaje a la memoria del Dr. Bernardo A. Houssay, primer premio Nobel de Ciencias de Latinoamérica, al cumplirse el 5°aniversario de su fallecimiento.[...] Además, por Decreto N°4362/76 se establece el día 21 de setiembre de cada año como "Día de la Ciencia y la Tecnología" en el ámbito de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.

La anécdota medica: una cuestión de tiempo Foglia, Virgilio G. Por recomendación de Houssay Foglia había trabajado con el profesor Collip en Canadá. A su regreso, y luego de conversar con su maestro, decide dedicarse al estudio de la anatomía de la rata. Años después descubre la prediabetes experimental y una técnica nueva para estudiarla, lo que beneficiaría en el tratamiento de la diabetes. En este texto se resume esa experiencia que da cuenta del descubrimiento, sus circunstancias y de la relación entre mentor y discípulo.; Desde mi graduación de médico en 1928, me interesé por la diabetes experimental obtenida en animales y continúo hasta la fecha en ese apasionante problema. El Prof. Bernardo A. Houssay, mi maestro, decidió que fuera a Montreal, Canadá, para trabajar con el Prof. J. Collip, quien fue uno de los co-descubridores de la insulina, conjuntamente con E. G. Banting y Ch. Best. En su muy activo laboratorio, tuve la oportunidad de aprender muchas cosas relacionadas con la diabetes y además conocí allí a uno de sus colaboradores, el Dr. Hans Selye, con quien trabajé en los pasos iniciales del conocimiento del estrés.

What do we know about the publications related with Azospirillum? A metadata analysis Cassan, Fabricio Dario; Lopez, Gaston Alberto; Nievas, Sofia Mariela; Coniglio, Nayla Anahí; Torres, Daniela Soledad; Donadío, Evelyn Florencia; Molina, Romina Micaela; Mora, Maria Veronica Azospirillum is one of the most successful plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) genera and it is considered a study model for plant–bacteria interactions. Because of that, a wide broad of topics has been boarded and discussed in a significant number of publications in the last four decades. Using the Scopus® database, we conducted a bibliographic search in order to analyze the number and type of publications, the authors responsible of these contributions, and the origin of the researchers, as well as the keywords and journals selected by the authors, among other related characteristics, with the aim to understand some less addressed details about the work done with Azospirillum worldwide since its discovery in 1925. Despite that the largest numbers of publications about this bacterium were obtained between the 1970 and 1980s, there is still a linear increase tendency in the number of published works. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the ability of these bacteria to promote growth in a wide broad of plant species under both laboratory and field conditions has been a preferential target for these published articles. This tendency could be considered a cause or consequence of the current increase in the number of commercial products formulated with Azospirillum around the world and a catalyzer for the increase of published articles along time.

Temporal and spatial variation in the soil seed bank of Nassella trichotoma (serrated tussock) in its native range García, Andrés; Loydi, Alejandro; Distel, Roberto Alejandro Serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Hack. ex Arechav) is an unpalatable grass species that has been expanding in its native range and invading non-native ranges. In this study in its natural environment, we aimed to describe the spatial relationship between seed density, the cover and density of standing individuals of serrated tussock, the seasonal variation in the seed density in the soil seed bank, and to compare these results with those reported in non-native ranges. We took soil samples seasonally and recorded the cover and density of standing individuals of serrated tussock at two sites in the native Pampas grasslands in central-east Argentina. Seed density was evaluated by seedling emergence and seed extraction. Seed density showed a seasonality trend, with maximum values in the end of summer and minimum values in winter and spring. Seed density was independent of the cover and density of standing individuals of serrated tussock. The values of seed density were lower than those reported in the invaded ranges. Since seeds of serrated tussock are present in the seed bank regardless of the cover and density of its standing individuals, the maintenance of a high cover of desirable species may play a key role in preventing the establishment of serrated tussock in both its natural and invaded ranges.

ALD1 accumulation in Arabidopsis epidermal plastids confers local and non-autonomous disease resistance Jiang, Shang-Chuan; Engle, Nancy L.; Banday, Zeeshan Zahoor; Cecchini, Nicolas Miguel; Jung, Ho Won; Tschaplinski, Timothy J.; Greenberg, Jean T. The Arabidopsis plastid-localized ALD1 protein acts in the lysine catabolic pathway that produces infection-induced pipecolic acid (Pip), Pip derivatives, and basal non-Pip metabolite(s). ALD1 is indispensable for disease resistance associated with Pseudomonas syringae infections of naïve plants as well as those previously immunized by a local infection, a phenomenon called systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Pseudomonas syringae is known to associate with mesophyll as well as epidermal cells. To probe the importance of epidermal cells in conferring bacterial disease resistance, we studied plants in which ALD1 was only detectable in the epidermal cells of specific leaves. Local disease resistance and many features of SAR were restored when ALD1 preferentially accumulated in the epidermal plastids at immunization sites. Interestingly, SAR restoration occurred without appreciable accumulation of Pip or known Pip derivatives in secondary distal leaves. Our findings establish that ALD1 has a non-autonomous effect on pathogen growth and defense activation. We propose that ALD1 is sufficient in the epidermis of the immunized leaves to activate SAR, but basal ALD1 and possibly a non-Pip metabolite(s) are also needed at all infection sites to fully suppress bacterial growth. Thus, epidermal plastids that contain ALD1 play a key role in local and whole-plant immune signaling.

Vine mealybugs disrupt biomass allocation in grapevine Schulze sylvester, Maria; Corronca, Jose Antonio; Paris, Carolina Ivon Vine mealybug Planococcus ficus Signoret (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an important phloem-feeding pest species in many grapevine producing areas worldwide. The economic damage of P. ficus is thought to be mainly caused by sooty mould on infested grape clusters and transmission of plant viruses. Direct damage caused by mealybug feeding to grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera, L.) has only been vaguely described or otherwise completely discarded. The present study is the first to give an insight into the direct impacts of P. ficus on vegetative growth and biomass dynamics of grapevine plants. In a screenhouse, three-year-old, potted grapevine plants were infested with mealybugs at two different densities, imitating high and low field infestation levels. Mealybug numbers, plant biomass, leaf area, leaf size and leaf number were monitored over six months and compared to a control treatment without mealybugs. High infestation levels reduced leaf and stem biomass by one third, while low levels of P. ficus impacted only stem biomass, indicating a higher sensibility of the perennial parts of the plant or a reallocation of biomass. Leaf area, size and number were not affected by mealybug feeding. In conclusion, grapevine response to P. ficus is gradual and involves different plant parts depending on the severity of the attack. Contrary to previous assumptions, this study demonstrates considerable direct impacts of mealybug feeding on temporal and perennial parts of grapevine plants.

Emergency response for evaluating SARS-CoV-2 immune status, seroprevalence and convalescent plasma in Argentina Ojeda, Diego Sebastian; González López Ledesma, María Mora; Pallarés, Horacio Martín; Costa Navarro, Guadalupe Soledad; Sanchez, Lautaro Nicolas; Perazzi, Beatriz Elizabeth; Villordo, Sergio; Alvarez, Diego Ezequiel; Echavarría, Marcela Silvia; Oguntuyo, Kasopefoluwa Y.; Stevens, Christian S.; Lee, Benhur; Carradori, Jorge; Caramelo, Julio Javier; Yanovsky, Marcelo Javier; Gamarnik, Andrea Vanesa We report the emergency development and application of a robust serologic test to evaluate acute and convalescent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Argentina. The assays, COVIDAR IgG and IgM, which were produced and provided for free to health authorities, private and public health institutions and nursing homes, use a combination of a trimer stabilized spike protein and the receptor binding domain (RBD) in a single enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate. Over half million tests have already been distributed to detect and quantify antibodies for multiple purposes, including assessment of immune responses in hospitalized patients and large seroprevalence studies in neighborhoods, slums and health care workers, which resulted in a powerful tool for asymptomatic detection and policy making in the country. Analysis of antibody levels and longitudinal studies of symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in over one thousand patient samples provided insightful information about IgM and IgG seroconversion time and kinetics, and IgM waning profiles. At least 35% of patients showed seroconversion within 7 days, and 95% within 45 days of symptoms onset, with simultaneous or close sequential IgM and IgG detection. Longitudinal studies of asymptomatic cases showed a wide range of antibody responses with median levels below those observed in symptomatic patients. Regarding convalescent plasma applications, a protocol was standardized for the assessment of end point IgG antibody titers with COVIDAR with more than 500 plasma donors. The protocol showed a positive correlation with neutralizing antibody titers, and was used for clinical trials and therapies across the country. Using this protocol, about 80% of convalescent donor plasmas were potentially suitable for therapies. Here, we demonstrate the importance of providing a robust and specific serologic assay for generating new information about antibody kinetics in infected individuals and mitigation policies to cope with pandemic needs.

Carta de Östen Lundborg, embajador de Suecia en Argentina a Luis F. Leloir Lundborg, Östen Cartas enviadas al Dr. Leloir con el anuncio del otorgamiento del Premio Nobel de Química 1970. Incluye: Premio Nobel de Química 1970. Motivaciones de la Real Academia de Ciencias de Suecia.

Respuesta de Leloir a la carta del Dr. Paul Zamecnik del 28-09-1957 Leloir, Luis Federico

Respuesta de Leloir a la carta del Dr. Francis Schmitt del 13-09-1957 Leloir, Luis Federico Carta de agradecimiento al Dr. Francis Schmitt por su apoyo al ofrecimiento para el puesto de Director del Biochemical Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital

Un vistazo a los estudios de la biosíntesis de polisacáridos Leloir, Luis Federico

Diploma Doctor Honoris Causa de la Universidad de Paris Diploma de papel, rectangular, de 55.5 x 44.5 cm de diámetro, fondo blanco y tipografía en negro

Doctor Honoris Causa de la Universidad de Paris Moneda medalla de metal plateada de 65 mm diámetro

Medallas Conmemorativas de los Laureados con el Premio Nobel 1970 6 monedas medalla de bronce de 45 mm diámetro.

Premio Maestro de la Medicina, Prensa Médica Argentina Placa metal plateada de 100 x 80 mm y moneda medalla del mismo metal plateada de 70 mm diámetro

Ex-chalet de Hortensia Aguirre de Leloir, madre de Leloir Méndez, Enrique F. Ex chalet de la Sra. Hortensia Aguirre de Leloir, madre de Leloir, lugar de vacaciones de la familia cuando niño y adolescente. Hoy Ocean Club de Mar del Plata