Luciérnagas en el desierto: Sobre la plataforma "Ejercicios de aridez" de Celeste Rojas Mugica Triquell, Agustina En el medio del desierto de Atacama, el de las noches más cerradas y oscuras, ideales para ver las estrellas (probablemente, lo que más sabemos de este desierto es que posee esta virtud), a fines de 2011, una dirigente de la agrupación de ejecutados políticos de Calama recibió un sobre anónimo bajo su puerta con la imagen de un sable corvo trazado sobre esa tierra seca, a unos kilómetros de la ciudad. Esta es la primera pista, la puerta que se nos abre al comenzar el recorrido por la plataforma interactiva Ejercicios de aridez 2 de la artista Celeste Rojas Mugica (Chile, 1987).

El sesgo de género en la política de austeridad de Argentina, 2015-2019: Una mirada desde la Economía Feminista; The gender bias in Argentina’s austerity policy, 2015-2019: A view from the Feminist Economics Laterra, Patricia Anahí; Eliosoff, María Julia; Costantino, María Agostina El Gobierno que asume en Argentina en diciembre de 2015 configura un modo de desarrollo orientado a las finanzas y el extractivismo, la liberalización comercial y de capitales y las políticas de austeridad. Buscó disminuir el déficit fiscal y bajar los costos de producción nacionales para aumentar la competitividad internacional. Se llevaron a cabo una serie de medidas que impactaron de manera diferencial y negativa sobre las mujeres y personas LGBT.La reforma previsional del año 2017, las dinámicas en el mundo del trabajo, los recortes presupuestarios en áreas sensibles al género y el cambio en la naturaleza de las políticas sociales son algunos de los ejemplos que analizamos en este trabajo. El objetivo es analizarla incidencia que este programa de austeridad tuvo con respecto a las mujeres y, en los casos en que se pueda analizar, a las personas LGBT.; The government that took office in Argentina in December 2015 configures a mode of development oriented to finance and extractivism, trade and capital liberalization and austerity policies. It looked to reduce the fiscal deficit and lower national production costs in order to increase intenational competitiveness. So, a series of measures were carried out that negatively impacted on women and LGBT people. The pension reform of 2017, the dynamics in the world of work, budget cuts in gender-sensitive areas and the change in the nature of social policies are some of the examples that we analyze in this paper. The objective is to analyze the incidence that this austerity program had on women and, where it can be analyzed, on LGBT people in Argentina.

De los fichines a los estadios y el streaming: Indagaciones sobre la exhibición y espectacularización de la práctica de videojuegos; From arcades to stadiums and streaming: Inquiries into the exhibition and spectacularization of video game practice Kopp, Julian Ignacio Este trabajo busca recomponer un recorrido histórico de la práctica de videojuegos atendiendoa las diferentes formas de exhibición que paralelamente han surgido. Se indagaráespecialmente en las nuevas formas de espectacularización vinculadas al desarrollo de lacompetición en videojuegos (deportes electrónicos o esports) proponiendo como hipótesisque la ampliación en la escala de participación y competencia de videojuegos ha contribuido auna deportivización de la actividad, convirtiendo la práctica competitiva de videojuegos en unaforma de performance similar a la de los megaeventos deportivos como los mundiales defútbol o los juegos olímpicos. Para ello se desarrollarán algunas de las formas en las que se haconstituido esta relación entre videojuegos, competencia y performance a través de unesquema de tres momentos en la historia de los videojuegos.; This study seeks to recompose a historical itinerary of the practice of video games, taking into account the different forms of exhibition that have emerged in the same time. It will especially examine the new forms of spectacularization associated with the development of competition in video games (electronic sports or esports), proposing as a hypothesis that the expansion in the scale of participation and competition in video games has contributed to a sportivization of the activity, transforming the competitive practice of video games into a form of performance similar to that of mega sports events such as the World Cup or the Olympic Games. To this end, some of the ways in which this relationship between video games, competition and performance has been constituted will be developed through a scheme of three moments in the history of video games.

A structural study and its relation to dynamic heterogeneity in a polymer glass former Balbuena, Cristian; Gianetti, Melisa Mariel; Soulé, Ezequiel Rodolfo The relationship between structure and dynamical behavior (super-Arrhenius temperature dependence of relaxation time accompanied by heterogeneous dynamics) in glassy materials remains an open issue in the physics of condensed matter. The question of whether this dynamic phenomena have a thermodynamic origin or not still remains unanswered. In this work we analyze several dynamic and structural parameters in a polymer glass-former by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The results obtained in this work indicate that the structure does affect dynamic behavior, whereas structural conditioning becomes noticeable below the temperature at which the non-Arrhenius behavior manifests and increases as the system approaches the glass transition temperature. Moreover, we observed that the short-range order parameters are related to local dynamics at the single-particle level. These results reinforce the idea of a connection between the structure and dynamics and that could indicate the thermodynamic nature of glass transition.

Learning feature representation of Iberian ceramics with automatic classification models Navarro, Jose Pablo; Cintas, Celia; Lucena, Manuel; Fuertes, José Manuel; Delrieux, Claudio Augusto; Molinos, Manuel In Cultural Heritage inquiries, a common requirement is to establish time-based trends between archaeological artifacts belonging to different periods of a given culture, enabling among other things to determine chronological inferences with higher accuracy and precision. Among these, pottery vessels are significantly useful, given their relative abundance in most archaeological sites. However, this very abundance makes difficult and complex an accurate representation, since no two of these vessels are identical, and therefore classification criteria must be justified and applied. For this purpose, we propose the use of deep learning architectures to extract automatically learned features without prior knowledge or engineered features. By means of transfer learning, we retrained a Residual Neural Network with a binary image database of Iberian wheel-made pottery vessels? profiles. These vessels pertain to archaeological sites located in the upper valley of the Guadalquivir River (Spain). The resulting model can provide an accurate feature representation space, which can automatically classify profile images, achieving a mean accuracy of 0.96 with an f-measure of 0.96. This accuracy is remarkably higher than other state-of-the-art machine learning approaches, where several feature extraction techniques were applied together with multiple classifier models. These results provide novel strategies to current research in automatic feature representation and classification of different objects of study within the Archaeology domain.

Sirtuin 1 and 2 inhibitors enhance the inhibitory effect of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma cells Ceballos Mancini, María Paula; Angel, Antonella; Delprato, Carla Beatriz; Livore, Veronica Ines; Ferretti, Anabela; Lucci, Alvaro; Comanzo, Carla Gabriela; Alvarez, María de Luján; Quiroga, Ariel Dario; Mottino, Aldo Domingo; Carrillo, Maria Cristina Multidrug resistance (MDR) counteracts the efficiency of sorafenib, an important first-line therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sirtuins (SIRTs) 1 and 2 are associated with tumor progression and MDR. We treated 2D and 3D cultures (which mimic the features of in vivo tumors) from HCC cells with sorafenib alone or in the presence of SIRTs 1 and 2 inhibitors (cambinol or EX-527; combined treatments). Cultures subjected to combined treatments showed a greater fall in cellular viability, proliferation (PCNA, cyclin D1 and Ki-67 expression and cell cycle analysis), migration and invasion when compared with cultures treated only with sorafenib. Similarly, combined treatments produced more apoptosis (annexin V/PI, caspase-3/7 activity) than sorafenib alone. Since cell cycle dysregulation and apoptotic blockage are reported mechanisms of MDR, the modulation found in PCNA, cyclin D1, Ki-67 and caspase-3/7 proteins by cambinol and EX-527 are probably playing a role in enhancing the sensitivity of HCC cell lines to sorafenib. EX-527 reduced MRP3 and BCRP expression in sorafenib-treated HCC cells. Since ABC transporters contribute to MDR, MRP3 and BCRP could be also influencing in the response of HCC cells to sorafenib. Overall, 2D and 3D cultures behave similarly except that 3D cultures were less sensitive to treatments, reinforcing the clinical relevance of the current study. Findings presented in this manuscript support a potential application for SIRTs 1 and 2 inhibitors since we demonstrated that these compounds enhance the inhibitory effect of sorafenib upon treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma cells lines.

How much leaf area do insects eat? A data set of insect herbivory sampled globally with a standardized protocol Mendes, Gisele M.; Silveira, Fernando A.O.; Oliveira, Carolina; Dáttilo, Wesley; Guevara, Roger; Ruiz Guerra, Betsabe; Boaventura, Maria Gabriela; Sershen, null; Ramdhani, Syd; Phartyal, Shyam S.; Ribeiro, Sérvio P.; Pinto, Victor Diniz; Vasconcelos, Heraldo; Tito, Richard; Pereira, Cássio Cardoso; Carvalho, Bárbara; Carvalho, Gabriel M.; del Val, Ek.; Buisson, Elise; Arruda, Andre; Toth, Jean Baptiste; Roque, Fabio; Souza, Allan Henrique; Bolzan, Fabio; Neves, Frederico; Kuchenbecker, Juliana; Ramos Demetrio, Guilherme; Seixas, Luziene; Romero, Gustavo; de Omena, Paula Munhoz; Silva, Jhonathan O.; Paolucci, Lucas; Queiroz, Elenir; Ooi, Mark K. J.; Mills, Charlotte H.; Gerhold, Pille; Merzin, Anne; Massante, Jhonny C.; Aguilar, Ramiro; Carbone, Lucas Manuel; Campos, Ricardo; Gomes, Inácio; Zorzal, Gabriela; Solar, Ricardo; Ramos, Letícia; Sobrinho, Tathiana; Sanders, Pedro; Cornelissen, Tatiana Herbivory is ubiquitous. Despite being a potential driver of plant distribution and performance, herbivory remains largely undocumented. Some early attempts have been made to review, globally, how much leaf area is removed through insect feeding. Kozlov et al. (2015), in one of the most comprehensive reviews regarding global patterns of herbivory, have compiled published studies regarding foliar removal and sampled data on global herbivory levels using a standardized protocol. However, in the review by Kozlov et al. (2015), only 15 sampling sites, comprising 33 plant species, were evaluated in tropical areas around the globe. In Brazil, which ranks first in terms of plant biodiversity, with a total of 46,097 species, almost half (43%) being endemic, a single data point was sampled, covering only two plant species. In an attempt to increase knowledge regarding herbivory in tropical plant species and to provide the raw data needed to test general hypotheses related to plant?herbivore interactions across large spatial scales, we proposed a joint, collaborative network to evaluate tropical herbivory. This network allowed us to update and expand the data on insect herbivory in tropical and temperate plant species. Our data set, collected with a standardized protocol, covers 45 sampling sites from nine countries and includes leaf herbivory measurements of 57,239 leaves from 209 species of vascular plants belonging to 65 families from tropical and temperate regions. They expand previous data sets by including a total of 32 sampling sites from tropical areas around the globe, comprising 152 species, 146 of them being sampled in Brazil. For temperate areas, it includes 13 sampling sites, comprising 59 species. Thus, when compared to the most recent comprehensive review of insect herbivory (Kozlov et al. 2015), our data set has increased the base of available data for the tropical plants in more than 460% (from 33 to 152 species) and the Brazilian sampling was increased in 7,300% (from 2 to 146 species). Data on precise levels of herbivory are presented for more than 57,000 leaves worldwide.

Human footprint defining conservation strategies in Patagonian landscapes: Where we are and where we want to go? Rosas, Yamina Micaela; Peri, Pablo Luis; Pidgeon, Anna Michle; Politi, Natalia; Pedrana, Julieta; Díaz Delgado, Ricardo; Martínez Pastur, Guillermo José Understanding human influence on ecosystems and their services is crucial to achieve sustainable development and ensure the conservation of biodiversity. In this context, the human footprint index (HFI) represents the anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems and the natural environment. Our objective was to characterize the HFI in Southern Patagonia (Argentina) across the landscape, qualifying the differences among the main ecological areas and especially the forested landscapes. We also assessed the potential utility of HFI to identify priority conservation areas according to their wilderness quality and potential biodiversity values. We created a HFI map (scores varied from 0 representing high wilderness quality to 1 representing maximum human impact) using variables related to direct (e.g. infrastructure) and indirect (e.g. derived from economic activities) human impacts, including settlements, accessibility, oil industry, and sheep production. HFI varied significantly across the natural landscapes, being lower (0.07−0.11) in remote ecosystems close to the Andes Mountains and higher (0.38−0.40) in southern areas close to the provincial capital city. Forested landscapes presented different impact values, which were directly related to the economical values of the different forest types. We determined that the current protected area network is not equally distributed across the different ecological areas and forest types. Priority conservation areas were also identified using the fragmentation produced by the human impact, the patch size, and the potential biodiversity values. HFI can present high compatibility with other land-use management decision making tools, acting as a complement to the existing tools for conservation planning or management.

Temporal regulation of tumor growth in nocturnal mammals: In vivo studies and chemotherapeutical potential Wagner, Paula Micaela; Prucca, Cesar German; Velazquez, Fabiola Noelia; Sosa Alderete, Lucas Gastón; Caputto, Beatriz Leonor; Guido, Mario Eduardo Tumors of the nervous system including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most frequent and aggressive form of brain tumors; however, little is known about the impact of the circadian timing system on the formation, growth, and treatment of these tumors. We investigated day/night differences in tumor growth after injection of A530 glioma cells isolated from malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNSTs) of NPcis (Trp53+/−; Nf1+/−) mice. Synchronized A530 cell cultures expressing typical glial markers were injected at the beginning of the day or night into the sciatic nerve zone of C57BL/6 mice subject to a 12:12 hours light/dark (LD) cycle or after being released to constant darkness (DD). Tumors generated in animals injected early at night in the LD cycle or in DD showed higher growth rates than in animals injected diurnally. No differences were found when animals were injected at the same time with cultures synchronized 12 hours apart. Similar experiments performed with B16 melanoma cells showed higher tumor growth rates in animals injected at the beginning of the night compared to those injected in the daytime. A higher tumor growth rate than that in controls was observed when mice were injected with knocked-down clock gene Bmal1 cells. Finally, when we compared day/night administration of different doses of the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib (0.5-1.5 mg/kg) in tumor-bearing animals, we found that low-dose chemotherapy displayed higher efficacy when administered at night. Results suggest the existence of a precise temporal control of tumor growth and of drug efficacy in which the host state and susceptibility are critical.

Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations del Fueyo, Georgina Marisa; Carrizo, Martin Alejandro; Poire, Daniel Gustavo; Lafuente Diaz, Maiten Amalia This paper describes a petrified trunk collected from a conglomerate bed of the Springhill Formation (Berriasian?Valanginian) in the Estancia El Álamo locality, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. The fossil trunk is classified within the ubiquitous genus Agathoxylon and the wood anatomy shows a close affinity to that of Araucariaceae. This Patagonian wood has a distinct combination of anatomical characteristics unique among all known species from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Western Gondwana allowing to diagnose a new fossil taxon Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. Sedimentological and megafloristic proxies of the Springhill Formation suggest that Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. grew under a warm and wet climate, which indicates a subtropical to temperate palaeoenvironment. However, the large number of frost rings in the earlywood of this araucarian tree suggests that the palaeoenvironment at Estancia El Álamo was subjected to recurrent disturbances, most likely caused by regional continuous volcanic activity originating from volcanoes located far away to the west. This activity would have produced periodic stratospheric veils that promoted rapid decreases in surface air temperature; the wood response to such stressful conditions would have been the formation of numerous (at least five) frost rings. Although recurrent eruptions in Patagonia during the Early Cretaceous are well recorded, this study is the first to register eruptions recorded in a coniferous wood.

Harnessing tumor necrosis factor alpha to achieve effective cancer immunotherapy Mercogliano, María Florencia; Bruni, Sofia; Mauro, Florencia; Elizalde, Patricia Virginia; Schillaci, Roxana Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine known to have contradictory roles in oncoimmunology. Indeed, TNFα has a central role in the onset of the immune response, inducing both activation and the effector function of macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and B and T lymphocytes. Within the tumor microenvironment, however, TNFα is one of the main mediators of cancer-related inflammation. It is involved in the recruitment and differentiation of immune suppressor cells, leading to evasion of tumor immune surveillance. These characteristics turn TNFα into an attractive target to overcome therapy resistance and tackle cancer. This review focuses on the diverse molecular mechanisms that place TNFα as a source of resistance to immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibodies against cancer cells or immune checkpoints and adoptive cell therapy. We also expose the benefits of TNFα blocking strategies in combination with immunotherapy to improve the antitumor effect and prevent or treat adverse immune-related effects.

Genetic insights into the globally invasive and taxonomically problematic tree genus Prosopis Castillo, María L.; Schaffner, Urs; Van Wilgen, Brian W.; Montaño, Noé Manuel; Bustamante, Ramiro O.; Cosacov Martinez, Andrea; Mathese, Megan J.; Le Roux, Johannes Accurate taxonomic identification of alien species is crucial to detect new incursions, prevent or reduce the arrival of new invaders and implement management options such as biological control. Globally, the taxonomy of non-native Prosopis species is problematic due to misidentification and extensive hybridization. We performed a genetic analysis on several Prosopis species, and their putative hybrids, including both native and non-native populations, with a special focus on Prosopis invasions in Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania). We aimed to clarify the taxonomic placement of non-native populations and to infer the introduction histories of Prosopis in Eastern Africa. DNA sequencing data from nuclear and chloroplast markers showed high homology (almost 100 %) between most species analysed. Analyses based on seven nuclear microsatellites confirmed weak population genetic structure among Prosopis species. Hybrids and polyploid individuals were recorded in both native and non-native populations. Invasive genotypes of Prosopis juliflora in Kenya and Ethiopia could have a similar native Mexican origin, while Tanzanian genotypes likely are from a different source. Native Peruvian Prosopis pallida genotypes showed high similarity with non-invasive genotypes from Kenya. Levels of introduced genetic diversity, relative to native populations, suggest that multiple introductions of P. juliflora and P. pallida occurred in Eastern Africa. Polyploidy may explain the successful invasion of P. juliflora in Eastern Africa. The polyploid P. juliflora was highly differentiated from the rest of the (diploid) species within the genus. The lack of genetic differentiation between most diploid species in their native ranges supports the notion that hybridization between allopatric species may occur frequently when they are co-introduced into non-native areas. For regulatory purposes, we propose to treat diploid Prosopis taxa from the Americas as a single taxonomic unit in non-native ranges.

Alianza Terapéutica en tiempos de COVID-19: Perspectiva de Pacientes de Argentina; Therapeutic Alliance in times of COVID-19: Patient´s perspectives of Argentina Casari, Leandro Martín; Stefanini, Facundo Daniel El objetivo del presente trabajo es explorar la perspectiva de pacientes en telepsicología, que antes consultaban de manera presencial, y analizar si hay relación entre sus percepciones de telepsicología, con la alianza terapéutica. Para ello se trabajó con 143 pacientes de Argentina, que venían de un proceso terapéutico presencial, y ahora continúan de manera remota. Se aplicó una encuesta ad hoc y el Cuestionario de Alianza de Ayuda Revisado. Como resultado se observó mayores niveles de alianza terapéutica en quienes no percibían diferencias entre psicoterapia presencial y no presencial, en los pacientes que continuarían en telepsicología después de la pandemia, y en quienes manifestaron mayor grado de satisfacción. Se discute la importancia de evaluar alianza terapéutica durante la adaptación a un nuevo formato de pscioterapia, y la importancia de la actitud hacia las nuevas tecnologías.; The aim of this paper is to explore patient´s perspective of telepsychology experience, and to explore the relation between client´s perception and therapeutic Alliance. The sample is composed for 143 Argentinian patients, that was attending to psychotherapy in face-to-face format, and after the pandemic declaration, start with telepsychology. An ad hoc survey and the Revised Helping Alliance Questionnaire were applied. As a result, we find higher levels of therapeutic Alliance in those clients that: didn´t note differences between telepsychology and face-to-face psychotherapy, will continue with telepsychology after the pandemic is over, and are more satisfied with telepsychology. We discuss the importance of assess therapeutic alliance when the patient changes to a different setting of psychotherapy, and the importance of new technology of communication´s attitudes.

Safe Abortion in Women's Hands: Autonomy and a Human Rights Approach to COVID-19 and Beyond Lopez Cabello, Andres; Gaitán, Ana Cecilia While SARS-CoV-2 containment measures transformed all spheres of social interaction, the COVID-19 pandemic has subjected national health systems to unforeseen strain, leading to their virtual collapse in many countries. The international health crisis has exacerbated social inequalities, with a disproportionate impact on traditionally neglected people; unfortunately, its socioeconomic impacts are likely only to deepen in the future.Sexual and reproductive health and rights are no exception. When the pandemic first began, the increasing pressure on health systems, the closing of health counseling centers, orders to avoid crowding in health facilities, and restrictions on movement due to lockdown or quarantine affected women's[*] ability to fully enjoy their sexual and reproductive rights. In particular, these circumstances have jeopardized women's ability to access safe abortion in a timely manner.This is why dozens of high-level country representatives issued a joint statement in May 2020 expressing that sexual and reproductive health needs must be prioritized to ensure continuity and calling on governments ?to ensure full and unimpeded access to all sexual and reproductive health services for all women and girls. In line with this statement, the World Health Organization (WHO) has noted that sexual and reproductive care is an essential health service that needs to be made available to populations. It urges states to reduce barriers that could delay care, consider the use of noninvasive medical methods for abortion, and ?minimize facility visits and provider-client contacts through the use of telemedicine and self-management approaches. Nonetheless, WHO?s guidance is not a global commitment or a settled issue, since in some places local governments have labeled abortion a nonessential service, curtailing women's access to services that are particularly time sensitive.The issue at stake is not only that restricting abortion access fails to uphold states human rights obligations during a health crisis but also that an adequate response has the potential to empower women and avoid the over-regulation of abortion.States should seize this opportunity to deepen the trend of increased access to abortifacient drugs in pharmacies and through mail; increased self-managed medical abortions at home; and expanded use of telemedicine counseling for this purpose. This is not only consistent with scientific evidence on the safety, effectiveness, and acceptability of medical abortion but also a requirement of international human rights law, which demands that health goods and services be acceptable and, consequently, not subject to overmedicalization.Innovation and efficiency, while upholding women's rights, is the way forward during the current pandemic. This is also a chance to break taboos around medical abortion and promote greater spaces for women's bodily autonomy during the current health crisis and beyond.

Mental health impacts in Argentinean college students during COVID-19 quarantine López Steinmetz, Lorena Cecilia; Leyes, Candela Abigail; Dutto Florio, María Agustina; Fong, Shao Bing; López Steinmetz, Romina Lucrecia; Godoy, Juan Carlos Background: We aimed to: (1) analyze differences in both general (in terms of psychological well-being/discomfort, social functioning and coping, and psychological distress) and specific (depression, trait-anxiety, negative alcohol-related consequences, and suicidal risk) mental health state (MHS) in college students, residing in four different Argentinean regions (center, north, south, and the most populated) exposed to different spread-rates of the COVID-19; (2) analyze between-group differences in both general and specific MHS indicators at four quarantine sub-periods (twice prior, and twice following the first quarantine extension). Methods: We used a cross-sectional design with a convenience sample including 2,687 college students. Data was collected online during the Argentinean quarantine. We calculated one-way between-groups ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Regionally, the center and the most populated area differed in psychological well-being/discomfort and negative alcohol-related consequences, but not in the remaining MHS indicators. According to the quarantine sub-periods, there were differences in psychological well-being/discomfort, social functioning and coping, psychological distress, and negative alcohol-related consequences. Negative alcohol-related consequences were the only MHS indicator improving over time. For all of the remaining MHS indicators, we found a similar deterioration pattern in the course of time, with mean scores decreasing from the first to the 2nd week of the quarantine pre-extensions, then increasing toward the 1st week of the quarantine post-extension (with some MHS indicators reaching mean scores worse than the start), and then continued to increase. Conclusion: A worsened mean MHS during quarantine suggests that quarantine and its extensions contribute to negative mental health impacts.

El estudio del trabajo infantil y los desafíos en su abordaje; The study of child labor and the challenges in its approach; O estudo do trabalho infantil e os desafios em sua abordagem Rausky Ndrico, Maria Eugenia Desde hace al menos tres décadas, la sociología viene consolidando en su interior un área de conocimiento cuyo objeto de estudio específico es la niñez. Este artículo se inscribe en dicho campo y tiene como objetivo hacer una reconstrucción de algunas de las discusiones vigentes en el estudio de un fenómeno principalmente explorado por los estudiosos de lo infantil: las actividades laborales llevadas adelante por niños, niñas y ado-lescentes. En particular, se exploran los desarrollos realizados al respecto principalmente en tres disciplinas: la historia, la antropología y la sociología de la infancia, explorando los avances y déficits tanto en producciones de países de Latinoamérica como del resto del mundo. Se asume que dicha indagación permitirá sistematizar y actualizar los desarrollos del campo, buscando clarificar los desafíos que el análisis del trabajo infantil supone para los estudiosos.Para lograr dicho objetivo, se realiza una revisión de los diferentes aspectos que este campo de investigación viene problematizando, es decir, se hace una reconstrucción de qué tipo de estudios se han desarrollado en los últimos años, para identificar con base en dichas lecturas en qué se ha avanzado y cuáles son los aspectos a desarrollar.Este trabajo se sustenta en un conjunto de documentos seleccionados (artículos, capítulos de libros y comunicaciones en congresos), que constituyen aportes relevantes para complejizar el análisis del fenómeno en cuestión. A partir del análisis se concluye que se vuelve necesaria la incorporación de una serie de asunciones teóricas, metodológicas y de ciertos recortes empíricos que fortalecerían tales estudios.; For at least three decades, sociology has been consolidating in its interior an area of knowledge whose specific object of study is childhood. Enrolled in this field, this article aims to reconstruct some of the current discussions in the study of a phenomenon mainly explored by childhood scholars: labor activities carried out by children and adolescents. In particular, we analyze three disciplines: history, anthropology, and sociology of child-hood, exploring the advances and deficits in productions of Latin American countries and the rest of the world. It is assumed that such inquiry will systematize and update the developments of the field, seeking to clarify the challenges that the analysis of children’s labor still poses for students of the subject.Based on this objective, we will make a review of the different aspects that the field has been problematizing, that is, we will reconstruct what type of studies have been devel-oped in recent years and based on these readings we will identify in what we believe that progress has been made and what are the pending aspects to be developed –because of its absence or its poor development–.To carry out this work, we use a set of selected documents–articles, book chapters and conference communications–that we understand as relevant contributions to the analysis of the phenomenon. From the analysis it is concluded that the incorporation of a series of theoretical, methodological assumptions and certain empirical approaches would strengthen such studies.

Evolutionary analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for its different clades Pereson Moschen, Matias Javier; Flichman, Diego Martin; Martínez, Alfredo P.; Baré, Patricia; García, Gabriel Hugo; Di Lello, Federico Alejandro The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become the main target for antiviral and vaccine development. Despite its relevance, e information is scarse about its evolutionary traces. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversification patterns of the spike for each clade of SARS-CoV-2 through different approaches. Two thousand and one hundred sequences representing the seven clades of the SARS-CoV-2 were included. Patterns of genetic diversifications and nucleotide evolutionary rate were estimated for the spike genomic region. The haplotype networks showed a star shape, where multiple haplotypes with few nucleotide differences diverge from a common ancestor. Four hundred seventy-nine different haplotypes were defined in the seven analyzed clades. The main haplotype, named Hap-1, was the most frequent for clades G (54%), GH (54%), and GR (56%) and a different haplotype (named Hap-252) was the most important for clades L (63.3%), O (39.7%), S (51.7%), and V (70%). The evolutionary rate for the spike protein was estimated as 1.08 × 10−3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year. Moreover, the nucleotide evolutionary rate after nine months of the pandemic was similar for each clade. In conclusion, the present evolutionary analysis is relevant as the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is the target for most therapeutic candidates; besides, changes in this protein could have consequences on viral transmission, response to antivirals and efficacy of vaccines. Moreover, the evolutionary characterization of clades improves knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 and deserves to be assessed in more detail as re-infection by different phylogenetic clades has been reported.

Extensión de la ciencia y la técnica [21 de Septiembre Dia de la Ciencia y la Tecnología] Se establece el 21 de setiembre de cada año como "Día de la Ciencia y la Tecnología" en el ámbito de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. El 21 de setiembre de 1976, en la ciudad de La Plata, se realizó el acto de inauguración de un monolito en homenaje a la memoria del Dr. Bernardo A. Houssay, primer premio Nobel de Ciencias de Latinoamérica, al cumplirse el 5°aniversario de su fallecimiento.[...] Además, por Decreto N°4362/76 se establece el día 21 de setiembre de cada año como "Día de la Ciencia y la Tecnología" en el ámbito de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.

La anécdota medica: una cuestión de tiempo Foglia, Virgilio G. Por recomendación de Houssay Foglia había trabajado con el profesor Collip en Canadá. A su regreso, y luego de conversar con su maestro, decide dedicarse al estudio de la anatomía de la rata. Años después descubre la prediabetes experimental y una técnica nueva para estudiarla, lo que beneficiaría en el tratamiento de la diabetes. En este texto se resume esa experiencia que da cuenta del descubrimiento, sus circunstancias y de la relación entre mentor y discípulo.; Desde mi graduación de médico en 1928, me interesé por la diabetes experimental obtenida en animales y continúo hasta la fecha en ese apasionante problema. El Prof. Bernardo A. Houssay, mi maestro, decidió que fuera a Montreal, Canadá, para trabajar con el Prof. J. Collip, quien fue uno de los co-descubridores de la insulina, conjuntamente con E. G. Banting y Ch. Best. En su muy activo laboratorio, tuve la oportunidad de aprender muchas cosas relacionadas con la diabetes y además conocí allí a uno de sus colaboradores, el Dr. Hans Selye, con quien trabajé en los pasos iniciales del conocimiento del estrés.

What do we know about the publications related with Azospirillum? A metadata analysis Cassan, Fabricio Dario; Lopez, Gaston Alberto; Nievas, Sofia Mariela; Coniglio, Nayla Anahí; Torres, Daniela Soledad; Donadío, Evelyn Florencia; Molina, Romina Micaela; Mora, Maria Veronica Azospirillum is one of the most successful plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) genera and it is considered a study model for plant–bacteria interactions. Because of that, a wide broad of topics has been boarded and discussed in a significant number of publications in the last four decades. Using the Scopus® database, we conducted a bibliographic search in order to analyze the number and type of publications, the authors responsible of these contributions, and the origin of the researchers, as well as the keywords and journals selected by the authors, among other related characteristics, with the aim to understand some less addressed details about the work done with Azospirillum worldwide since its discovery in 1925. Despite that the largest numbers of publications about this bacterium were obtained between the 1970 and 1980s, there is still a linear increase tendency in the number of published works. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the ability of these bacteria to promote growth in a wide broad of plant species under both laboratory and field conditions has been a preferential target for these published articles. This tendency could be considered a cause or consequence of the current increase in the number of commercial products formulated with Azospirillum around the world and a catalyzer for the increase of published articles along time.