Consumers’ Opinion and Perception toward a Convenience Food through Projective Techniques Abalos, Rosa Ana; Naef, Elisa Fernanda; Aviles, Maria Victoria; Gómez, María Beatriz Convenience food cooked by sous vide has been developing in the field of high cuisine and restaurants. In this paper the perception of Argentinian consumers of a convenience food cooked by sous vide was explored through the use of projective techniques. The results demonstrated that good taste and convenience were the principal positive characteristics that promoted the intent to purchase a convenience food cooked by sous vide, whereas mistrust and lack of knowledge of the preparation and composition of the product discouraged the consumption.

El derecho a la educación en Argentina en tiempos de virtualidad forzada: Un supuesto de judicialización de la inclusión digital; The right to education in argentina in times of forced virtuality: A case of judicialization of digital inclusion Torres, Miguel Agustín; Ibañez, Cecilia Elizabeth Como es sabido, la instalación de la pandemia implicó en muchos escenarios la imposición de restricciones a la movilidad y al desempeño, en condiciones de normalidad, con respecto a determinadas actividades. La sociedad argentina no fue ajena a este proceso, el cual, en materia de educación, se tradujo en la suspensión de la presencialidad de las clases áulicas, y por consiguiente, en la implementación forzada, de un trayecto de enseñanza y aprendizaje de naturaleza remota. Teniendo en cuenta ellos, en este trabajo nos proponemos caracterizar, desde una perspectiva jurídica, el acceso a los medios y recursos digitales, en tanto manifestación del derecho a la educación, en el marco del complejo contexto impuesto por la pandemia. Para ello procedemos a analizar un fallo relevante en la materia correspondiente al ámbito judicial del principal distrito del país.; As is known, the installation of the pandemic implied in many scenarios the imposition of restrictions on mobility and performance, under normal conditions, with respect to certain activities. Argentine society was not aloof to this process, which, in terms of education, resulted in the suspension of face-to-face classes, and therefore, in the forced implementation of a remote teaching and learning process. Considering this, in this work we propose to characterize, from a legal perspective, access to digital media and resources, as a manifestation of the right to education, within the framework of the harsh context generated by the pandemic. For this, we proceed to analyze a relevant ruling in the matter corresponding to the judicial sphere of the main district of the country.

Enhanced Thermal Stability in Dielectric Properties of NaNbO3 –Modified BaTiO3 –BiMg1/2 Ti1/2 O3 Ceramics for X9R-MLCC Applications Muhammad, Raz; Ali, Asif; Camargo, Javier Eduardo; Castro, Miriam Susana; Lei, Wen; Song, Kaixin; Wang, Dawei 0.5BaTiO3 –(0.5 − x)BiMg1/2 Ti1/2 O3 –xNaNbO3 (x = 0.10–0.30) ceramics were processed via a conventional solid state sintering route. X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy showed the formation of a cubic perovskite structure. Microstructural analysis of the samples revealed densely packed grains. The addition of NaNbO3 resulted in the enhancement in dielectric properties as a function of temperature. Relative permittivity decreased from 850 to 564 (at room temperature) with an increase in x; however, the stability in dielectric properties was improved with an increase in NaNbO3 concentration. At x = 0.25, relative permittivity (εr ) was ~630 ± 15% in a temperature range of −70–220◦ C with low dielectric loss (tan δ) < 0.025 (−57 to 350◦ C) and high recoverable energy density ~0.55 J/cm3 which meet the criterion for X9R MLCC applications.

Revisiting the influence of learning in predator functional response, how it can lead to shapes different from type III Bruzzone, Octavio Augusto; Aguirre, María Belén; Hill, Jorge Guillermo; Virla, Eduardo Gabriel; Logarzo, Guillermo Alejandro Predator/parasitoid functional response is one of the main tools used to study predation behavior, and in assessing the potential of biological control candidates. It is generally accepted that predator learning in prey searching and manipulation can produce the appearance of a type III functional response. Holling proposed that in the presence of alternative prey, at some point the predator would shift the preferred prey, leading to the appearance of a sigmoid function that characterized that functional response. This is supported by the analogy between enzyme kinetics and functional response that Holling used as the basis for developing this theory. However, after several decades, sigmoidal functional responses appear in the absence of alternative prey in most of the biological taxa studied. Here, we propose modeling the effect of learning on the functional response by using the explicit incorporation of learning curves in the parameters of the Holling functional response, the attack rate (a), and the manipulation time (h). We then study how the variation in the parameters of the learning curves causes variations in the shape of the functional response curve. We found that the functional response product of learning can be either type I, II, or III, depending on what parameters act on the organism, and how much it can learn throughout the length of the study. Therefore, the presence of other types of curves should not be automatically associated with the absence of learning. These results are important from an ecological point of view because when type III functional response is associated with learning, it is generally accepted that it can operate as a stabilizing factor in population dynamics. Our results, to the contrary, suggest that depending on how it acts, it may even be destabilizing by generating the appearance of functional responses close to type I.

Opportunities and challenges for newborn screening and early diagnosis of rare diseases in Latin America Giugliani, Roberto; Castillo Taucher, Silvia; Hafez, Sylvia; Oliveira, Joao Bosco; Rico-Restrepo, Mariana; Rozenfeld, Paula Adriana; Zarante, Ignacio; Gonzaga Jauregui, Claudia Rare diseases (RDs) cause considerable death and disability in Latin America. Still, there is no consensus on their definition across the region. Patients with RDs face a diagnostic odyssey to find a correct diagnosis, which may last many years and creates a burden for caregivers, healthcare systems, and society. These diagnostic delays have repercussions on the health and economic burden created by RDs and continue to represent an unmet medical need. This review analyzes barriers to the widespread adoption of newborn screening (NBS) programs and early diagnostic methods for RDs in Latin America and provides recommendations to achieve this critical objective. Increasing the adoption of NBS programs and promoting early diagnosis of RDs are the first steps to improving health outcomes for patients living with RDs. A coordinated, multistakeholder effort from leaders of patient organizations, government, industry, medical societies, academia, and healthcare services is required to increase the adoption of NBS programs. Patients’ best interests should remain the guiding principle for decisions regarding NBS implementation and early diagnosis for RDs.

Strongyloides stercoralis and Trypanosoma cruzi coinfections in a highly endemic area in Argentina Fleitas, Pedro Emanuel; Floridia Yapur, Noelia Aldana del Rosario; Nieves, Elvia Ester; Echazú, Adriana; Vargas, Paola Anahí; Caro, Reynaldo Nicolás; Aveldaño, Ramiro; Lopez, Walter; Fernandez, Mariana; Crudo, Favio; Cimino, Rubén Oscar; Krolewiecki, Alejandro Javier Background Strongyloidiasis and Chagas disease are endemic in northern Argentina. In this study we evaluate the association between S. stercoralis and T. cruzi infections in villages with diverse prevalence levels for these parasites. Further understanding in the relationship between these Neglected Tropical Diseases of South America is relevant for the design of integrated control measures as well as exploring potential biologic interactions. Methodology Community based cross-sectional studies were carried in different villages of the Chaco and Yungas regions in Argentina. Individuals were diagnosed by serology for S. stercoralis and T. cruzi. The association between S. stercoralis and T. cruzi, and between anemia and the two parasites was evaluated using two approaches: marginal (Ma) and multilevel regression (Mu). Results A total of 706 individuals from six villages of northern Argentina were included. A total of 37% were positive for S. stercoralis, 14% were positive for T. cruzi and 5% were positive for both. No association was found between infection with S. stercoralis and T. cruzi in any of the models, but we found a negative correlation between the prevalence of these species in the different villages (r =-0.91). Adults (> 15 years) presented association with S. stercoralis (Ma OR = 2.72; Mu OR = 2.84) and T. cruzi (Ma OR = 5.12; Mu OR = 5.48). Also, 12% and 2% of the variance of infection with S. stercoralis and T. cruzi, respectively, could be explained by differences among villages. On the other hand, anemia was associated with infection with S. stercoralis (Ma OR = 1.73; Mu OR = 1.78) and was more prevalent in adults (Ma OR = 2.59; Mu OR = 2.69). Conclusion We found that coinfection between S. stercoralis and T. cruzi is not more frequent than chance in endemic areas. However, the high prevalence for both parasites, raises the need for an integrated strategy for the control of STH and Chagas disease.

Hardy Inequalities In Fractional Orlicz-Sobolev Spaces Salort, Ariel Martin In this article we prove both norm and modular Hardy inequalities for class functions in one-dimensional fractional Orlicz-Sobolev spaces.

Hydrogeomorphological control over groundwater composition in littoral environments in the outer estuary of the Rio de la Plata Tanjal, Carolina Verónica; Galliari, Maria Julieta; Borzi, Guido Esteban; Santucci, Lucía; Villalba, Esteban; Richiano, Sebastián Miguel; Carol, Eleonora Silvina The aim of this work is to determine the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in littoral ridges, sand sheets, and lunettes environments to evaluate the control that hydro-geomorphological features exert over salinity and water chemistry. To achieve this, geomorphological units were mapped and a groundwater monitoring network was established comprising shallow exploration wells and pre-existing deeper wells. Hydrolithological characteristics of sediments were described during field surveys, and also analyzed by XRD technique and binocular magnifying glass observation. Physicochemical parameters of water were measured in situ and samples were taken for major and trace elements (As, Sr, Fe, and Mn) analysis. Both littoral ridges and sand sheets are constituted by shell fragments and sands which are highly permeable sediments where thicker and freshwater lenses are stored. Conversely, lunettes develop smaller lenses due to the presence of silty sediments, which are shallow salinized. Additionally, water—sediment interaction determines geochemical processes like precipitation—dissolution of minerals (mainly carbonates), cation exchange, amorphous and biogenic silica dissolution, and silicate weathering which also regulate the presence of elements, such as As, Fe, and Mn. Given the relevance of littoral ridges, sand sheets, and lunettes in the development of freshwater lenses for water supply for the population and ecological sustenance, it is important to understand the factors and processes which regulate groundwater quality, primarily in sectors where freshwater sources are scarce.

On Tycho's Calculation of the Coordinates of Hamal, the Fundamental Star of Tycho's Catalog Carman, Christian Carlos Tycho's star catalog enjoyed enormous prestige for centuries due to its accuracy. The entire catalog depends on the coordinates of one single star, Hamal (α Arietis), which explains why Tycho was so scrupulous in determining its coordinates using two different methods applied to more than 50 observations, as he described in his Progymnasmata. One of them proposed an ingenious way of dealing with refraction and parallax, two factors that he knew he could not control. Selecting particular observations, he was able to cancel out the effects of both refraction and parallax. Still, the entire calculation starts from the coordinates of the Sun calculated from his solar model. But Tycho's solar model assumes too large of an eccentricity, producing errors in the predictions of the solar longitude that can reach up to 8'. In this paper, I analyze Tycho's method for calculating the coordinates of α Arietis and explain how the method he proposed unintentionally avoided transferring the error of his solar model to his catalog.

Postharvest Ultraviolet Radiation in Fruit and Vegetables: Applications and Factors Modulating Its Efficacy on Bioactive Compounds and Microbial Growth Darré, Magalí; Vicente, Ariel Roberto; Cisneros Zevallos, Luis; Artés Hernández, Francisco Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been considered a deleterious agent that living organisms must avoid. However, many of the acclimation changes elicited by UV induce a wide range of positive effects in plant physiology through the elicitation of secondary antioxidant metabolites and natural defenses. Therefore, this fact has changed the original UV conception as a germicide and potentially damaging agent, leading to the concept that it is worthy of application in harvested commodities to take advantage of its beneficial responses. Four decades have already passed since postharvest UV radiation applications began to be studied. During this time, UV treatments have been successfully evaluated for different purposes, including the selection of raw materials, the control of postharvest diseases and human pathogens, the elicitation of nutraceutical compounds, the modulation of ripening and senescence, and the induction of cross-stress tolerance. Besides the microbicide use of UV radiation, the effect that has received most attention is the elicitation of bioactive compounds as a defense mechanism. UV treatments have been shown to induce the accumulation of phytochemicals, including ascorbic acid, carotenoids, glucosinolates, and, more frequently, phenolic compounds. The nature and extent of this elicitation have been reported to depend on several factors, including the product type, maturity, cultivar, UV spectral region, dose, intensity, and radiation exposure pattern. Even though in recent years we have greatly increased our understanding of UV technology, some major issues still need to be addressed. These include defining the operational conditions to maximize UV radiation efficacy, reducing treatment times, and ensuring even radiation exposure, especially under realistic processing conditions. This will make UV treatments move beyond their status as an emerging technology and boost their adoption by industry.

CDK4/6 inhibition suppresses p73 phosphorylation and activates DR5 to potentiate chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade Tong, Jingshan; Tan, Xiao; Song, Xiangping; Gao, Man; Risnik, Denise Mariel; Hao, Suisui; Ermine, Kaylee; Wang, Peng; Li, Hua; Huang, Yi; Yu, Jian; Zhang, Lin Targeting cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) is a successful therapeutic approach against breast and other solid tumors. Inhibition of CDK4/6 halts cell cycle progression and promotes antitumor immunity. However, the mechanisms underlying the antitumor activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors are not fully understood. We found that CDK4/6 bind and phosphorylate the p53 family member p73 at threonine 86, which sequesters p73 in the cytoplasm. Inhibition of CDK4/6 led to dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p73, which transcriptionally activated death receptor 5 (DR5), a cytokine receptor and key component of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. p73-mediated induction of DR5 by CDK4/6 inhibitors promoted immunogenic cell death of cancer cells. Deletion of DR5 in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo abrogated the potentiating effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors on immune cytokine TRAIL, 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy, and anti–PD-1 immunotherapy. Together, these results reveal a previously unrecognized consequence of CDK4/6 inhibition, which may be critical for potentiating the killing and immunogenic effects on cancer cells.

Tannases and other fungal enzymes applicable to the transformation of tannins and their potential for the bioremediation of effluents from the leather industry Cortizo, Lorena Valeria; Lopez, Laura Maria Isabel; Saparrat, Mario Carlos Nazareno The use of fungal enzymes, such as tannases and oxidative enzymes, in the tannin bioconversion process offers great advantages over other biological and chemical technologies in terms of safety, reuse, and better control of process parameters, and is also a profitable and environmentally friendly method. Some reports have shown that different fungi can remove tannins from effluents, transforming them and/or detoxifying them, and using them, in some cases, as their only source of carbon. By means of different enzymes, these fungi trigger reactions that lead to the elimination of water-soluble tannins, which are the cause of toxicity in surface water bodies. Thus, these microorganisms are attractive to obtain enzyme cocktails applicable to the bioremediation of effluents rich in tannins such as those derived from the leather industry. This review aims to provide updated information on fungal sources of enzymes able to transform tannins, with emphasis on tannases, and to show alternatives to culture tannase-producing fungi and obtain the enzymes and their activity in immobilization matrices. The inducible nature of the fungal synthesis of tannases reveals the importance of acquiring basic knowledge about the physiology of tannase-producing fungi and the need for studies in different culture and scaling systems.

Correlation of Watch Antibiotic Consumption with a Gram-negative Bacteria Resistance: Analysis at a Country Level Boni, Silvia; Marin, Gustavo Horacio; Campaña, Laura; Marin, Lupe; Marin, G.; Risso Patron, Soledad; Gabriel, Fernanda; Corso, Alejandra; Garay, Valeria; Limeres, Manuel Introduction: Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to the antibiotics (ATB) has severe consequences for human health. The excess ATB consumption is one of the main causes of AMR. One of the World Health Organizations main objective in AMR control strategy is to limit the ATB irrational use, that is why, it proposed to classify the ATB in three groups: “Access”, “Watch”, and “Reserve”, being the latter two preserved for certain situations. The present work aims to know the level of ATB consumption and its correlation with the Gram-negative resistance in Argentina. Materials and Methods: Gram-negative bacteria resistance to “watch” the ATB groups (cephalosporins/carbapenem/fluoroquinolones) were explored for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotic consumption was expressed by the defined daily dose/1000 inhabitants for each ATB for one year period (2018). Resistance/consumption ratio was obtained by calculating the “R” for each region of the country, comparing them with the other countries. Results: E. coli resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporines was 8.68% and 16.51% in urine (U) and blood (B) samples, respectively, while to carbapenems was 0.08% (U) and 0.36% (B). Resistance of K. pneumoniae to 3 GC was 39.78% (U) and 52.45% (B) while to carbapenem was 9.03% (U) and 17.46% (B). P. aeruginosa resistance to fluoroquinolone and to carbapenems was 29.7% (U)/26.4% (B) and 17.7% (U)/19.9% (B), respectively. The resistance/consumption ratio was heterogenous within the country. Most of the populated areas patterns had similarities with the one observed in the less developed countries (mild-high resistance/mild-high consumption), while the ratio found in less densely populated areas, mimicked countries with the most rational use of ATB. Conclusion: In Argentina, Gram-negative bacteria showed overall high/mild resistance levels against the “Watch” ATB groups, with a largely variations among each region.

Tratamiento de los alimentos en el sistema de la OMC: un relevamiento de casos presentados en el sistema de solución de diferencias; Food Treatment in the WTO system: a review of cases presented in the Dispute Settlement System Belbey, Paulina; Vera, Andreina; Vidal, Elisabet Agustina; Bonet de Viola, Ana María Esta investigación busca determinar patrones que reflejen los mecanismos de concertación política respecto del comercio de alimentos en el ámbito de la OMC. Se parte de la premisa que la regulación de los mismos en dicho ámbito contribuye a su mercantilización, como así también a la concentración del poder sobre los mismos. A través de cotejo de datos sobre los casos vinculados a los alimentos presentados ante el Sistema de Solución de Diferencias de la OMC, se busca determinar patrones que reflejen los mecanismos de concertación política respecto del comercio de alimentos. Se postula como hipótesis que tales casos plasman la hegemonía de los países centrales en el comercio internacional de alimentos. De los cotejos se concluye lo siguiente: 1. la relevancia de los alimentos en el ámbito de la OMC, que plasma su proceso de mercantilización; 2. la envergadura del rol de los Estados Unidos en el Sistema de Solución de Diferencias de la OMC - tanto como reclamante como demandado -, que muestra su predominio en el comercio internacional y 3. la prominencia de ciertos alimentos vinculados al modelo alimentario hegemónico - carnes, trigo y azúcares -, que demuestra su tendencia hegemónica mundial.; This research seeks to determine patterns that reflect the mechanisms of political agreement regarding food trade within the WTO. It is based on the premise that their regulation in this area contributes to their commodification, as well as to the concentration of power over them. Through the data collation on cases related to food presented before the WTO Dispute Settlement System, it seeks to determine patterns that reflect the mechanisms of political agreement regarding food trade. It is postulated as a hypothesis that such cases reflect the hegemony of the central countries in the international food trade. From the data collation, the following is concluded: 1. the relevance of food in the context of the WTO, which reflects its process of commodification; 2. the magnitude of the role of the United States in the WTO Dispute Settlement System - both as complainant and defendant -, which shows its predominance in international trade and 3. the prominence of certain foods linked to the hegemonic food model - meat, wheat and sugar -, which demonstrates its global hegemonic tendency.

SPARC-mediated long-term retention of nab-paclitaxel in pediatric sarcomas Pascual Pasto G.; Castillo Ecija, Helena; Unceta, Nora; Aschero, Rosario; Resa Pares, Claudia; Gómez Caballero, Alberto; Vila Ubach, Monica; Muñoz Aznar, Oscar; Suñol, Mariona; Burgueño, Victor; Gomez Gonzalez, Soledad; Sosnik, Alejandro; Ibarra, Manuel; Schaiquevich, Paula Susana; de Álava, Enrique; Tirado, Oscar M.; Mora, Jaume; Carcaboso, Angel M. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein overexpressed by several cancers. Because SPARC shows high binding affinity to albumin, we reasoned that pediatric sarcoma xenografts expressing SPARC would show enhanced uptake and accumulation of nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab)-paclitaxel, a potent anticancer drug formulation. We first evaluated the expression of SPARC in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma, finding variable SPARC gene expression that correlated well with SPARC protein measured by immunoblotting. We revealed that the activity of the fusion gene chimera EWSR1-FLI1, the genetic driver of Ewing sarcoma, leads to lower expression of the gene SPARC in these tumors, likely due to enriched acetylation marks of the histone H3 lysine 27 at regions including the SPARC promoter and potential enhancers. Then, we used SPARC-edited Ewing sarcoma cells (A673 line) to demonstrate that SPARC knocked down (KD) cells accumulated significantly less amount of nab-paclitaxel in vitro than SPARC wild type (WT) cells. In vivo, SPARC KD and SPARC WT subcutaneous xenografts in mice achieved similar maximum intratumoral concentrations of nab-paclitaxel, though drug clearance from SPARC WT tumors was significantly slower. We confirmed such SPARC-mediated long-term intratumoral accumulation of nab-paclitaxel in Ewing sarcoma PDX with high expression of SPARC, which accumulated significantly more nab-paclitaxel than SPARC-low PDX. SPARC-high PDX responded better to nab-paclitaxel than SPARC-low tumors, although these results should be taken cautiously, given that the PDXs were established from different patients that could have specific determinants predisposing response to paclitaxel. In addition, SPARC KD Ewing sarcoma xenografts responded better to soluble docetaxel and paclitaxel than to nab-paclitaxel, while SPARC WT ones showed similar response to soluble and albumin-carried drugs. Overall, our results show that pediatric sarcomas expressing SPARC accumulate nab-paclitaxel for longer periods of time, which could have clinical implications for chemotherapy efficacy.

Tipos de hábitat: una herramienta teórica para conocer la estructura urbana de un municipio periférico del Aglomerado Gran Buenos Aires Chiara, Camila Enmarcado en los estudios de demografía urbana, el artículo tiene como objetivo conocer los distintos tipos de hábitat que componen el municipio de San Fernando al año 2010, e indagar en las especificidades sociodemográficas de cada uno de ellos. Esta propuesta analítica –que proviene de la geodemografía mexicana y fue replicada en Argentina para la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires– considera que el período de urbanización y la forma de producción del espacio habitacional de las diferentes áreas de la ciudad definen tipos de hábitat diversos y les imprimen una serie de rasgos, características y dinámicas diferenciales y diferenciadas. Para abordar el objetivo propuesto, se apela a una estrategia metodológica cuantitativa en base a fuentes de datos secundarios. Como resultado, se busca determinar e identificar qué tipos de hábitat conforman el municipio para luego indagar en las particularidades sociodemográficas de cada uno de ellos.

Más allá del paradigma monolingüe: la autotraducción literaria en lenguas indígenas en Argentina; Beyond the Monolingual Paradigm: Literary Self-Translation in Indigenous Languages in Argentina Stocco, Melisa Soledad Las literaturas indígenas contemporáneas en Abya Yala/ América Latina constituyen un proyecto estético, epistémico, político y lingüístico de creciente visibilidad. La diglosia y el plurilingüismo de estas prácticas y discursos exceden el paradigma monolingüe castellano imperante en la región. En el caso argentino, el imaginario monolingüe y monocultural construido a partir de políticas educativas y prácticas discursivas que se remontan a la consolidación del Estado en el siglo XIX, ha invisibilizado históricamente la realidad plurilingüe e intercultural del país, en consonancia con los procesos de genocidio y despojo material y simbólico a los que han sido sometidos los grupos y comunidades racializados. En este sentido, el carácter plurilingüe de las literaturas indígenas contemporáneas propende a desafiar tal imaginario, a referenciar otros universos literarios (Chacón, 2018) y a tensionar el panorama de las letras nacionales hacia lo ?posmonolingüe? (Yildiz, 2012). La autotraducción se erige, en este contexto, como práctica de gran centralidad entre los autores indígenas. Este trabajo se propone realizar un mapeo geográfico de la práctica de autotraducción literaria en lenguas indígenas en Argentina, sus motivaciones, estrategias y contextos sociolingüísticos. Se considerará especialmente la producción de los escritores Liliana Ancalao, Mario Castells, Lecko Zamora y Víctor Zárate, quienes han desplegado su bilingüismo en la escritura en español y las lenguas mapuche, guaraní, wichi y qom, respectivamente.; Contemporary indigenous literatures in Abya Yala / Latin America are part of an aesthetic, epistemic, political, and linguistic project of increasing visibility. Diglossia and multilingualism in these practices and discourses go beyond the monolingual Spanish paradigm prevailing across the region. In the case of Argentina, the monolingual and monocultural imaginary drawing from educational policies and discursive practices dating back to the consolidation of the State in the 19th century, has rendered the multilingual and intercultural reality of the country invisible throughout time, in line with genocidal processes and material and symbolic dispossession that racialized groups and communities have gone through. In this vein, multilingualism displayed by contemporary indigenous literatures tends to challenge such an imaginary, to reference other literary universes (Chacón, 2018) and to stress the landscape of national letters towards the “post-monolingual” (Yildiz, 2012). Self-translation stands, in this context, as a highly central practice among indigenous authors. This work aims to carry out a geographical mapping of the practice of literary self-translation in indigenous languages in Argentina, its motivations, strategies and sociolinguistic contexts. Special consideration will be given to the production of the writers Liliana Ancalao, Mario Castells, Lecko Zamora and Víctor Zárate, who have displayed their bilingualism in writing in Spanish and the Mapudungun, Guaraní, Wichi and Qom, respectively.

An insight into the patterns and controls of the structure of South America n Chaco woodlands Ferraina, Antonella; Baldi, Germán; Abelleyra, Diego; Grosfeld, Javier Edgardo; Verón, Santiago Ramón Logging, grazing, wood extraction, and anthropogenic fires are pervasive throughout the subtropical dry vegetation of South America leading to changes in woodlands structure and ultimately its degradation. The Chac ohaco biome encompasses the second-largest forest in South America and has a long history of intensive use. We sought to characterize the structure and heterogeneity of its woodlands across biogeographic subunits and climatic gradients, and evaluate structure controls. We quantified canopy height, cover, vertical complexity, vegetation amount above 3 m and total vegetation amount over 58 woodlands within the Argentinean Chaco by means of terrestrial laser scanner. We assessed the relationship between three groups near the maximum, average and minimum values of each structural variable and precipitation, temperature and temperature of the coldest month using quantile regressions. We found large variability in structural attributes within each biogeographical subunit, showing woodland areas with similar structure across broad gradients of climate. This suggests a considerable impact of current and past land use in shaping woodland structures across the Chaco. Overall, structural variables were positively associated with precipitation and temperature, albeit more strongly to the former, except for canopy height, which showed a strong association with mean temperature of the coldest month. We hypothesize that land-use impact on woodland structure decreases with increasing precipitation, as the lack of water may limit the recovery of vegetation structure. Our results contribute to a better understanding of variation in key structural variables of Chaco woodlands in relation to climate and land use.

Bull sperm selection by attachment to hyaluronic acid semi-interpenetrated hydrogels Liaudat, Ana Cecilia; Blois, Damián Andrés; Capella, Virginia; Morilla, Gricelda Dolinda; Rivero, Rebeca Edith; Barbero, César Alfredo; Rodriguez, Nancy; Rivarola, Claudia Rosana; Bosch, Pablo We report the development of a hydrogel-based approach to select bull spermatozoa, a crucial step for successful assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs). Hyaluronic acid (HA) semi-interpenetrated N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) co-20% N-Tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl acrylamide (HMA) hydrogels were synthetized on glass surfaces and cultured in presence of frozen-thawed bull spermatozoa. A fraction of motile bull spermatozoa population strongly attached to hydrogels and was partially released by treatment with hyaluronidase. Fifty-nine (59 ± 7.24) per cent of sperm cells attached to PNIPAM-HMA-HA hydrogels and 31.16 ± 4.81% of them were released upon treatment with medium containing hyaluronidase. This attached-released sperm fraction has acceptable characteristics of progressive motility (50.0 ± 5.0%), vigour (4), high viability (58.7 ± 11.7%) and low percentage of acrosome reacted spermatozoa (23.36 ± 4.1%). Our findings indicate that PNIPAM-HMA-HA hydrogels are non-toxic and allow the selection of high-quality sperm cells for ART.

Infection with Spiroplasma kunkelii on temperate and tropical x temperate maize in Argentina and development of a tool to evaluate germplasm Barontini, Javier Miguel; Peña Malavera, Andrea Natalia; Ferrer, Mariana; Torrico Ramallo, Ada Karina; Maurino, Maria Fernanda; de la Paz Giménez Pecci, María Corn stunt disease is a disease that extends from the southern United States to Argentina and is one of the most important diseases in warm subtropical areas of the continent, periodically causing yield reductions in maize. The aims of this study were to develop a severity scale, estimate the effect of corn stunt caused by Spiroplasma kunkelii in maize hybrids, and identify attributes related to yield loss that would be useful to evaluate germplasms. Under artificial inoculation conditions with infective and non-infective insects, symptoms were grouped to develop and validate a scale and a severity index. Disease severity, moment of appearance of the characteristic symptom, pathogen concentration, and effect on yield were correlated for eight temperate and temperate x tropical commercial and precommercial hybrid maize germplasms. We developed and validated a 7-score severity scale. The characteristic symptom of S. kunkelii infection occurs earlier in the temperate germplasm than in the tropical x temperate germplasm. The performance of two of the four temperate germplasms was remarkable compared to the hybrids. Severity and pathogen concentration were correlated with each other, and both correlated with yield and with yield reduction. The moment of appearance of the characteristic disease symptom did not correlate with the other attributes. The severity index and the pathogen concentration may be useful to evaluate germplasm.